The current issue of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences (Volume 13 Number 1) has 33 peer-reviewed research articles. This issue promises a rich array of articles that indeed speaks to the evolutionary trend and diversity we are witnessing in the field of Anatomical Sciences. There are articles from research in Histology, Burns, and treatment, Dermatoglyphics, Anthropology Anthropometry& Morphology, Neuroanatomy, and workplace safety. On behalf of the Editorial Team of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences, I appreciate all the Authors who trusted us with handling and publishing their research findings thus using JAS as a vehicle for disseminating their findings. I will not forget to thank all our reviewers immensely for their sacrifices and willingness to continue to support the journal. As we look forward to the next ASN Conference coming up in Oye Ekiti (FUOYE 2022), it is my prayer that all shall normalize in the University system, making research possible and thereby availing us the privilege to publish your next findings. Lastly, I encourage our valued subscribers and authors to keep patronizing our journal as they are assured of quality services. <b>Joy E. Olotu, (Ph. D)</b> Editor-in-Chief. March 2022. <b>OFFICERS OF THE ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF NIGERIA</b> National President Prof. B.U. Enaibe Vice President Prof. G.S. Oladipo Secretary General Dr. D.S. Amaza Assistance Secretary Dr. A.O. Adekeye Treasurer Dr. S.S. Bello Financial Secretary Dr. E.A. Osunwoke Editor-in-Chief (JAS) Dr. E.J. Olotu Ex-Officio Dr. O.A. Ayannuga ...
This study was conducted to measure the air level of formaldehyde in some selected hospital mortuaries in Benin City. The mortuaries included a Teaching hospital mortuary, General hospital mortuary and Private hospital mortuary respectively. The mortuaries served as the test groups while Staff offices who had no connection with the mortuary or formaldehyde served as the control. Measurement of formaldehyde air level was carried out using a formaldehyde gas meter (EXTECH FM 200) which also gave measurement of the room temperature and relative humidity. Statistical analysis was done using Graph pad prism version 5.0. Result was presented as Mean ± SEM. Analysis of Variance was used to compare the means of test and control values while post hoc test was done using Student Newman Keul's test and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result shows a significantly higher formaldehyde air levels in the Teaching hospital mortuary, General hospital mortuary and Private hospital mortuary when compared with the control. There was a higher room temperature in the General hospital mortuary and Private hospital mortuary when compared with the control while there was a higher relative humidity in the Teaching hospital mortuary. Formaldehyde air levels recorded in all three mortuaries exceeded the acceptable and prescribed limit and it was therefore concluded that measures should be taken to ensure reduction of formaldehyde air levels in our hospital mortuaries in order to protect the Pathologists and Morticians who work in such environment, from the harmful effect of formaldehyde....
Dermatoglyphics have a very wide range of application as in human identification, security purposes and predicting the future phenotype of diseases. Sickle cell anaemia is a very prevalent blood disorder, but there is no baseline data on dermatoglyphics of the people living with the condition among the Hausa ethnic group of Kano. The study was conducted in Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital Kano, in which the fingerprint features of 200 people living with sickle cell Anaemia were compared to 200 normal individuals. The frequency of fingerprint patterns, fingerprint ridge density in a 25mm2, and fingerprint ridge thickness were studied. An application system was used to capture the fingerprints through a fingerprint scanner device connected to the computer system via USB. Both radial and ulnar ridge density and thickness were obtained by the application. Independent sample T-test was used to compare the ridge density and thickness of the sickle cell patients and that of the normal group. Chi-square test was used to determine association between fingerprint patterns and sickle cell anaemia. The results showed no significant association between sickle cell anaemia and fingerprint patterns of all the digits of both hands in both sexes. However, people living with sickle cell anaemia were found to have higher ridge density than the normal group with significant difference seen in some of the digits in both sexes. Similarly, normal individuals had higher mean ridge thickness with significant difference seen in some of the digits in both sexes. The study showed that specific differences exist between people living with sickle cell anaemia and normal group and the data obtained can serve as a baseline for the fingerprint features of people living with sickle cell anaemia in Kano....
The liver is vulnerable to drug-related toxicity or injury because it is the primary site of drug metabolism. Additionally, a number of potentially dangerous by-products are generated as drug is broken down in the liver. However, dietary supplements may prevent or relieve some of drug deleterious effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effects of aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum (AESI) seeds on tramadol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 24 Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of six (6) rats each, group A (Control), Group B (Tramadol dependent), group C (Tramadol dependent + 500mg/kg of AESI seeds) and group D (Tramadol dependent + 1000mg/kg of AESI seeds). Administrations were via oral gavage for 20 days. Toxicity was induced by administering therapeutic dose (7.2mg/kg) of tramadol hydrochloride and gradual increase in the dose after every day until it reaches a dependent dose of (144mg/kg) by oral gavage. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were monitored and histological examination was carried out. The results revealed that tramadol administration led to significant elevation of ALT, AST and ALP levels. Treatment with two different doses (500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg) of AESI seeds produced significant dose dependent normalization in the hepatic biochemical parameters and reduced histopathological distortion with evidences of liver regeneration. Treatment with two different doses (500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg) of AESI seeds produced significant reduction in histopathological distortions with significant evidence of hepatic tissue regeneration. Hence, the results of this study indicate that the AESI seeds possess significant protection against tramadol induced hepatotoxicity....
Due to the drawbacks of employing formalin in tissue preservation and the related health risks, the plastination method of preserving specimens that are more flexible, resilient, and life-like utilizing liquid polymers was developed. In this investigation, the heart of a goat was acquired from the Ijanikin Slaughterhouse in Lagos State, Nigeria. In this experiment, the usual Silicone S10 process was employed for plastination under cold conditions. The end result was a heart plastinate that was dry, robust, flexible, odourless, lifelike, and non-toxic, with 52.2% shrinkage. The plastinate in the heart specimen had some morphological deformation but no significant distortion in shape or structure. When comparing plastination to formalin preservation, plastination has a greater benefit in terms of durability, lifelikeness, and flexibility....
Cisplatin (CIS) is an anti-neoplastic drug used for chemotherapy of solid organ malignancies. Unfortunately, it activates processes that induce oxidative damage in the brain (neurotoxicity). Cimetidine (CTD) is a Histamine 2 receptor blocker reported to exhibit antioxidative function. This study investigated the effect of CTD on CIS neurotoxicity in rat. The study was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats randomized into four groups; A, B, C and D, (n=10) and treated as follows: Group-A rats (control) were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with 0.5 mL/kg saline once daily for 14 days, Group-B rats were IP administered 100 mg/kg CTD once daily for 14 days, Group-C rats received 7.5 mg/kg Cisplatin IP on day 7, Group-D rats were IP administered 100 mg/kg CTD for 14 days and CIS (7.5 mg/kg ) on day 7. Behavioural tests were performed on the experimental rats from day 15 to 17 post-treatment after which they were sacrificed under anaesthesia (Ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/kg). Brain sections were processed into paraffin blocks and H&E stained. Results showed significant weight loss in CIS only group while CTD treatment reduced weight loss significantly (p...
The auditory ossicles; malleus, incus and stapes transfer sound vibrations in the tympanic membrane from the middle ear to the inner ear. These ossicles are located in the petrous part of the temporal bone and they form a chain across the tympanic cavity from tympanic membrane. This study is aimed at providing the anatomical details of the malleus in Nigerian male Population. The study was carried out on 94 Malleus (R= 44, L=50), which were collected from 57 adult male cadavers. The various measurements parameters were taken with the help of digital Vernier caliper and weighed with Mettler Toledo weighing balance. The result showed no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between morphometric measurements of the bone of right and left side. The mean weight of the malleus was 22.05mg, the mean total length was 8.05mm, mean length of the manubrium was 4.95mm and the mean of head and neck was 5.00mm. The precise measurements of the malleus among male Nigerian Population will be very helpful in designing the prosthesis in ossiculoplasty in Nigeria....
The research was conducted to radiologically measure the dimensions of sella turcica using skull x-rays amongst Port Harcourt residents. The research examined the length, depth and anteroposterior diameter of a total of 200 skull radiographs. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 120females and 80 males from two different hospitals (University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Rivers State University Teaching Hospital) of which their age ranged from 18-50years. The data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 20.0 and presented in table with mean scores, standard deviation, variance, standard error and percentages. The result revealed that the age ranged from 18-50years. 31-40, 41-50 made up the greater percentage of the population. The males have a higher mean values for length, AP diameter and depth when compared to that of the females. (male: Length: 13.33mm, AP diameter = 11.70mm, Depth = 11.40) (Female: Length = 13.56, AP diameter = 11.20mm, depth = 8.38mm 11.40mm) respectively. There was a significant correlation at the 0.001 level of the mean length, AP diameter and depth. However, there is significant difference between length and depth. AP diameter and length at P-value ...
Persistent hyperglycemia is a key feature of Diabetes (DM). Eventhough there are numerous orthodox treatment options in circulation, alternative treatment options that are efficacious and safe are continuously sought. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of Anonna Muricata leaf extract (AMLE) in treating persistent hyperglycemia in Wistar rats. Thirty six rats (150–200g) were randomly divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F). Group A (negative control) was treated with saline-only, group B (positive control), group C, D, E and F were all treated with single dose of Alloxan (125mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally). After confirming the persistent hyperglycemia in all the Alloxan treated groups using glucometer, animals from group C, D and E were then treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of AMLE. While those from group F were treated with metformin at 200mg/kg. Blood sugar was also measured at the end of the experiment, on the 21st day. The result suggested that the AMLE had a lowering effect on hyperglycemia to the same extent with the metformin. The histopathological examination revealed a distortion of the islet cell mass as well as the exocrine tissue in the Alloxan-only treated groups. A dosedependent, progressively increasing similarity in the section from the animals treated with AMLE was observed when compared to the sections from the control. Thus, the AMLE has a therapeutic role in lowering of glucose level and reversal of pathologic effect of Alloxan in the pancreatic tissue of Wistar....
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes oxidative and inflammatory damage on the hippocampus amongst many other tissues of the body. Recent reports from developing countries show a steady increase in diabetes due to sedentary lifestyle changes, diet and weight gain. This study aimed to investigate the potential of caffeic acid (CA) as a possible treatment of oxidative, inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathology of the hippocampus in Fructose-Streptozotocin diabetic Wistar rats. Twenty (20) normoglycemic male adult Wistar rats weighing roughly 200g were used for this study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups; Control, which were given 0.1M citrate buffer daily, Fructose-Streptozotocin, which were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg Streptozotocin following 2 weeks of 10% fructose ad libitum, Fructose-Streptozotocin +CA, which were also administered the same as the aforementioned group and treated with 50mg/kg of caffeic acid daily and caffeic acid group which was treated with 50mg/kg of caffeic acid also daily. Biochemical assays showed increase in antioxidants (total thiol and protein thiol) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory markers (Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10) in the Fructose-Streptozotocin + caffeic acid compared to the Fructose-Streptozotocin. Amyloid plaques were also observed to be lesser in the treated group relative to the untreated group. Results indicate that caffeic acid exhibits its therapeutic action mainly by upregulating protective thiol antioxidants and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL4 and 1L10)....
Comparative Anthropometric Evaluation of the Subpubic Angle and Ischiopubic Index in Adult Nigerians
This study was done to determine the subpubic angle and ischiopubic index of indigenous Nigerians and compare their suitability for sexing. It involved 148 anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of adult Nigerians, within the age range of 20-65years. The x-ray films were obtained from the Radiology Department of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital. The measurement of subpubic angle was taken with a transparent goniometer. Pubic length and ischial length were measured from a common point at the acetabulum using the movable arms of the goniometer. Values ranged from (71-81)0 with a mean of 93.110 Standard Deviation 12.5 and Standard Error 1.384 for males while for the females, the ranged from (80-98)0 with the mean of 131.100 Standard Deviation of 15.30 and Standard Error of 1.51 the ischiopubic index ranged from (71-80)0 with the mean of (89.9)0, Standard Deviation of 7.5 and Standard Error of 1.10 for males while for the females the ranged from (81-90)0 with the mean of 110.30, Standard Deviation of 9.8 and Standard Error of 0.98. Females had wider subpubic angle and ischiopubic index than males, (P...
Burn injury is one of the main causes of death by injury worldwide and healing of burn is still a challenge in modern medicine. Burn can happen in any area and causes dominant changes in the quality of normal tissues. In present studies we investigated the healing effect of camwood ointment on a second degree burn wound in rabbit.7 local rabbits were used in this study. The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. After creating a second degree burn wound on the dorsum of the rabbits, group II, III, IV were treated with tropical application camwood ointment. Visual observation and histopathological examination were performed on days 35 of post-burn induction. At day 15, it showed moderate hyperplastic cells and koilocytosis. At day 25, it showed stratified squamous epithelia cells and proliferation of immature hair follicle and at day 35, it showed normal histology and matured hair follicles. Physically and histologically the rabbit showed gradual and progressive healing....
The study was conducted to evaluate mean nasal indices of Berom adult males and females in Kuru district of Jos South local government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 314 adult Berom subjects, of which 199 were males and 115 were females. Direct method of anthropometry was used in data collection, which involved the use of Spreading Callipers and a meter rule in taking nasal measurements, which were morphological nose width and nose height. The data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The mean morphological nose width for males was 43.0 ± 3.5mm, SEM 0.2 and for females 39.0 ± 3.5mm, SEM 0.3. The mean nose height for males was 49.2 ± 3.6mm, SEM 0.3 and for females 45.7 ± 3.5mm, SEM 0.3. The mean nasal index for males was 87.7 ± 8.4, SEM 0.6 and for females 85.8 ± 9.2, SEM 0.9. The mean nasal indices of the Berom males and females showed that both sexes of the Berom adult population have the platyrrhine nose type. It can be concluded that males had higher statistically significant mean values than females. This confirms sexual dimorphism within the Berom adult population....
For a long time, thumbprint has been used as a means of assessing or predicting one's success in life. This study was aimed at determining the relationship of the thumbprint with economic status of businessmen in Kantin Kwari market Kano, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional and involved the collection of Biodata (age, Sex, Marital status and economic status) using interview, thumbprint was mapped using fingerprint pad. The thumbprint was mapped using the thumb of each hand (both right and left) and was recorded as one of the conventional types of thumbprints (Whorl, Loop, and Arch). Thumbprint Data was expressed as frequency table, and economic data was presented as mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean. Economic Mean differences was compared between and within groups of businessmen with different types of thumbprints. Results however, did not show any significant relation between thumbprint and economic status, although businessmen with Loop thumbprint had higher mean income than the other two groups. Thumbprint cannot therefore be used categorically as a predictor of one's business success but may be used as an ordinary pointer....
Histology of the airways and tissues of the lungs following chronic exposure to formaldehyde was studied in wistar rats. The wistar rats were divided into three groups A, B and C with five animals in each group. Group A served as control with nil exposure while groups B and C were the test groups with 5 months exposure on non-dissection days and dissection days respectively. Formaldehyde air level was measured both at experimental and control sites. Histology of the nasal mucosa, tracheal mucosa, and lungs was carried out for each group. Statistical analysis on formaldehyde air level was done using Graph Pad Prism version 5.0. Results were presented as Mean ± SEM. Analysis of Variance was used to compare the means of test and control values while post hoc test was done using Student Newman Keul's test and a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results from histology revealed severe erosion of the cilia and ulceration of the epithelium as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells, edema and dilation of glands. In conclusion, exposure to formaldehyde is shown to have deleterious effects on the airway epithelium of wistar rats and this may be a reflection of what could possibly happen in humans hence there is a need to seek ways of reducing formaldehyde exposure levels especially among people that work in places where formaldehyde is continuously utilized....
It is an accepted fact that the facial norms for different ethnic groups can differ widely. So there is need to establish specific anthropometric data for facial study for population with different ethnic background. The aim of this study is to determine the facial characteristics of adult Kalabari females using photometric facial analysis. Standardized photographic records were taken from 134 adult Gokana females in both frontal and lateral views at a distance of 120 cm in a natural head position (NHP) and analysed using Pro Image Analyser. The mean ±standard error of mean of the nasofrontal angles, nasolabial, nasofacial, nasomental and mentocervical angles are 140.6±0.86º, 85.7±1.45º, 29.5±0.44º, 132.5±0.68º and 90.7±0.94º respectively. Some unique facial features such as less chin, less prominent nose and glabella were observed in this population of study when compared with the some other populations. The results of this study could be useful to clinicians, orthodontics, facial surgeons and forensic scientists....
Anthropometry of the digits, palms and feet provides data that reveals the relative distribution of dermal ridge among people in different geographical zone. Dermatoglyphic pattern of the left hand of Annang ethnic group in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was carried out to provide dermatoglyphic informations and interrelationship existing among this ethnic group. Two hundred indigenes of Annang ethnic group of Akwa Ibom State without hand deformity were chosen for this study. Lipstick method was employed by the researcher; the following materials were used; magnifying glass, lipstick, plain white paper, masking tape and table. The lipstick was applied on the entire finger of the subjects, then the sheet of white plain paper was placed on the stable surface, the subject were asked to place their hands on the white duplicating paper which leaves the fingerprint of subject on the paper. The prints were screened with the aid of a magnifying glass. The fingerprints analyzed using chi-square as statistical tool were plain arch, tented arch, ulnar loop, radial loop, plain whorl, double loop whorl, concentric whorl pattern. The results showed the following pattern frequency distribution at P...
This study evaluated the sub-acute effect of African eggplant, bitter leaf plant, and their combination on the antioxidant enzyme activities, histological changes, and weight of the kidney in male Wistar rats. The rats were grouped into four; control group (A) which received no treatment and 3 test groups; group B (100mg/kg BW of African eggplant), group C (100mg/kg BW of bitter leaf) and group D (100mg/kg BW of bitter leaf and 100mg/kg BW of African eggplant). The treatment was administered for 14 days. Results from this study showed that there were no observed histological changes in the kidney of groups B and C when compared to the control group but in group D there was progressive abortion of the glomeruli. For antioxidant enzyme activities across all groups, there was significant increase in the GSH activity and decrease in CAT activity in the kidney. MDA activity in groups C and D increased but decreased in group B. Groups B and D showed decrease, while group C showed increase in SOD activity. Only groups B and D showed increase in the weight of the kidney. Observations from the results showed that the administration of the two treatments, even at different time intervals caused a decrease in important antioxidant enzymes alongside increase in lipid peroxidation. Moreso, there was onset of degenerative changes in the kidney of the rats that received the two treatments. Conclusively, from our findings, co-administration of bitter leaf and African eggplant may have toxic effect on the kidney....
The canal body ration measured using the anteroposterior aspect of the vertebral body and the anteroposterior aspect of the vertebral canal is known as the 'Torg-Pavlov ratio' and can be used as a fairly accurate diagnostic tool for vertebral stenosis. Measurements were taken on 188 cervical vertebrae which comprised males and females ranging from C2 to C7. The aim of this study was to measure linear dimensions of vertebral body and neural arch elements by regions, determine pattern and degree of relationships and also evaluate its canal to body ratio so as to provide population specific data for Nigerians. Mean values for C2 was 0.75±0.14mm for male and 0.70±0.05mm for females, C3 was 0.80±0.16mm for male and 0.74±0.14mm for female, C4 was 0.81±0.18mm for male and 0.69±0.03mm for female, C5 was 0.80±0.15mm for male and 0.65±0.03mm for female, C6 was 0.82±0.17mm for male and 0.69±0.04mm for female and C7, 0.81±0.13mm for male and 0.76±0.11mm for female. These data will improve current of the understanding of morphological parameters of cervical spine region of Nigerian population. It will also be important in designing spinal implants which would be biomechanically compatible to Nigerians....
Gynaecoid fat distribution refers to fat patterns that accumulate around the hips, buttocks and thighs. This fat distribution is less associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study is determined if there is an association between ABO blood group and gynaecoid fat distribution in males. A total of one hundred and forty males (70 males without gynacoid fats and 70 males with gynaecoid fat) between the ages of 18-65 years were selected for this study. The parameters measured were height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index and blood group using stature meter, weighing scale, inelastic tape and questionnaire respectively. To access if a male has gynaecoid fat distribution both the morphoscopic evaluation of the pelvic and thigh region for the pear shape appearance and WHR was used. The result shows blood group O is the most dominant for both normal males and males with gynaecoid fat (42.8% and 34.28% respectively), follow by blood group A (22.8% and 25.7%). In conclusion, the association between ABO blood group and gynaecoid fat distribution was not significant therefore there is no association between ABO blood group and gynaecoid fat distribution. I recommend that further studies aimed at corroborating this finding should be carried out....
Skin is the largest organ of the body and is known to protect the body from microbes, and helps in thermal regulation. It is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. External factors could be due to dermal application of certain chemicals like hydroquinone and exposure to ultraviolet rays. The aim and objective of the study was to identify and detect the occurrence of any physical and histological skin changes caused by application of Elaeis Guineensis, Shea butter and hydroquinone based cream (Caro white) on a skin of guinea pigs. Nine (9) guinea pigs were used and were divided into 7 groups as such; control group, Caro white, Elaeis guineensis, Shea butter and combination of each one with the other for 30 days, 7 days a week applied morning and evening. Macroscopically, erythema, burnt skin and discoloration was seen on the skin of the guinea pigs that was applied with hydroquinone based cream. The red oil and Shea butter showed to have a rapid hair growth effect on the skin of the guinea pigs applied with the mixture. The guinea pigs that were applied with Shea butter showed to have clear skin. Microscopically Koilocytes, hyperplasia of the sweat glands, hyperplasia of the squamous epithelial cells, shrunken keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells and proliferation of immature hair follicles were seen in the results of the guinea pigs. Conclusion the dermal use of hydroquinone, Elaeis guineensis and their combination has the potential to cause deleterious histological skin changes, while the dermal application of Shea butter has no deleterious effect but has the potential to cause histological skin changes as well....
Nasal index (NI) is a useful anthropometric parameter in forensic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. It is also useful in classification of race and sex of individuals of unknown identity. Such anatomical documentation is absent among the Yoruba students in the Department of Anatomy, OlabisiOnabanjo University, Sagamu, South-West, Nigeria. The study was carried out on 140 Anatomy students, male (n= 58) and female (n= 82) aged between 18-24 years (mean of 21.21) after necessary consents and ethical approval were obtained. With the aid of sliding caliper, Nasal breadths and heights were measured to the last 0. 01 cm. Nasal index (NI) was calculated as the ratio of nasal breadth and nasal height, and data were analyzed statistically. The Nasal heights ranged from 3.10cm to 8.00cm in these students with a mean ± SD of 5.46 ± 0.9. The breadths ranged from 1.90cm to 6.90cm with mean ± SD of 3.94 ± 0.7. The NI was observed to have mean ± SD 73.27 ± 13.64 % and classified as Mesorrhine in both male and female students. The mean ± SD NI was however observed to be 72.77 ± 12.25% in males while it was 73.62 ± 14.61 females and classified as Mesorrhine (medium size noses) in both sexes. This provides baseline data, valuable in Nasal Anthropometry for Clinical practice, Reconstructive Surgery, and Forensic Anatomy....
Anatomically the term “creases” are epidermal flexure lines present on palmar or plantar surfaces and its importance has been widely published. However, despite elaborate literatures on the clinical and anthropological implications of palmar creases there is still dearth of studies providing simplified and holistic classification for normal palmar creases. Thus this study is therefore aimed at providing a concise, simplify and holistic classification model of palmar creases using Nigerian subjects. In this cross-sectional and observational study, 360 subjects were randomly sampled from Rivers and Delta States of Nigeria without consideration to ethnicity. Using Oghenemavwe and Osaat (2015) dermatoglyphic capture method, palm print was obtained and palmar creases were subsequently observed, identified and classified. Descriptive statistics was then used to determine proportionality difference in the percentage distribution of the variant types of palmar creases. Normal palmar creases were classified by adopting a One system classification model and a Three system classification model. In the one system classification there was high prevalence of Type 2 (55.14%), followed by Type 3 (44.30%) and the least observed was Type 1 (0.56%). Similarly, Type M (58.61%) was predominant over Type V (41.39%), and Type Y (78.19%) over Type X (21.81%). The distribution of Three system classification model follows: Type 2MY = 36.25%; Type 3MY = 18.61%; Type 3VY = 13.16%; Type 3VX = 10.97%; Type 2VY = 9.58%; Type 2VX = 6.25%; Type 2MX = 3.06%; Type 1VY = 0.28%; Type 1VX = 0.14%; Type 1MY = 0.28%. Variations exist in the distribution of palmar creases and may be classified using either a One system classification model or a Three system classification model....
The auditory ossicles (AO) transfer sound vibrations in the tympanic membrane (TM) from the middle ear to the inner ear. These ossicles (malleus, incus & stapes) can be found in the petrous part of the temporal bone (TB). In the TM they form a chain across the tympanic cavity. The present study was aimed at providing the morphometrical dimensions of the stapes among male Nigerian population and comparing the values obtained with previous studies. The study was carried out on 27 Stapes (R=10, L=17) from 20 adult male cadavers in various Anatomy Department in Nigerian Universities. Various measurements were taken with digital verneir caliper and weighed with Mettler Toledo weighing balance. This study revealed no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between morphometric parameters of the right and left bones. The precise dimensions of these ossicles have been obtained in this study among male Nigerian Population, which would be of great importance to the prostheticians in Nigeria....
Dermatoglyphics, a well-established method for personal identification over some decades can also be used in the diagnosis of varieties of genetic diseases. The aim of this research was to evaluate the dermatoglyphics of the palm of autistic subjects for diagnostic purpose. The study recruited 100 autistic subjects and 100 controls subjects selected from various special schools in Nigeria and University of Port Harcourt environs respectively. Data were analysed using chi square statistical tool. The traits evaluated include: hypothenar pattern and thenar pattern. The results revealed significant difference between the distribution of hypothenar pattern of both sexes, and of male subjects between autistic and control subjects (p...
Most research work on facial and canthal indices have shown very distinct characteristics across several tribes. These peculiarities are influenced by age, sex, tribe and geographical location. Our aim therefore is to determine the facial and canthal indices in adolescents of Ogoni tribe. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 96 participants (43 males and 53 females) who were within the age range of 13 - 17 years. Anthropometric Measurements of the intercanthal distances (outer and inner canthal distances), canthal index, facial height, facial width, and facial index were done using a high precision stainless steel digital vernier caliper 8” 200mm with 0.02 precision. The male adolescents had higher facial height than their female counterparts. The facial height irrespective of age group was 104.73mm and 101.73mm for males and females respectively. This was statistically significant (P0.05) although there was a statutory increase with age. ANOVA test for individual male and female groups show a statistically significant (P = 0) variation across age groups for all the facial and canthal indices studied. Facial height and facial index show sexual dimorphism and are reliable parameters to distinguish between sexes. Females have a higher canthal index as compared to their male counterparts, although this was not statistically significant....
This study examined the relationship between hand anthropometry and hand dominance among selected Nigerians in the automotive industry. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out on 45 male automotive workers between the ages of 30 – 49, in selected automotive workshops located in the city of Port Harcourt. Exclusion criteria were; history of upper limb injuries or disorders. The following parameters were measured from the upper limb; mid-arm circumference, arm length, forearm length, hand length and hand width. Handgrip strength was measured on right and left hands by using a standard adjustable digital hand grip dynamometer (CAMRY EH101), Zhongshan Camry Electronics Ltd, Shinqi, China. Paired t-test and Pearson's correlation were employed. A probability (p)...
Studies have shown that musculoskeletal system disorders are one of the most common congenital anomalies. The physical and psychological burden on the child, family, and the society are enormous especially in low-income countries like Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of congenital musculoskeletal disorders among new-borns in Port Harcourt. The study analysed all referrals and deliveries during the study period for assessment of any obvious musculoskeletal abnormalities. Data was analyzed using Statgraphics centurion CVI version 16.1.11 and Statistics Package for Social Science. p...
Angular photometric analysis deals with the measurement of the soft tissues of the face using angular parameters. The morphology of the human face varies from person to person and more in populations and ethnic groups. The aim of this study is to determine the facial features and qualities of the adult Kalabari females using some facial angles from standardized facial profile photographs. Standardized profile photographic records were obtained from 84 adult Kalabari females in both frontal and lateral views in a natural head position (NHP) and analyzed using pro image analyzer. The average angular measurements for Nasofrontal, Nasolabial, Nasofacial, Nasomental and Mentocervical angles include; 138.680 + 0.730, 87.440 + 1.470, 29.310 + 0.350, 133.610 + 4.650, 96.590 + 8.550 respectively. These angles denotes that the adult Kalabari females possess a less prominent glabella, more prominent chin, slightly protruded lips and a flat and short nose which is the platyrrhine type of nose possessed by most black Africans. This data can serve potentially as a good foundation for successful facial reconstruction, in orthodontics and plastic surgeries....
The study of head measurements or Cephalometric/Craniometrics demonstrated that head shape varies in different races and population across the world and is related to the cephalic index. Also the cephalic dimensions can be related to other body measurement which is important for Medical, Forensic and legal investigation as some body parts can be obtained at the crime or accident scenes. The purpose of this study was to establish specific standards data for sex determination from the cranium and to determine the relationship between cranial anthropometry with height, weight and BMI among primary school in north Nigerian population. The present study was carried out with 351 apparently healthy subjects (180 male & 171 females) attending Aminu LEA Model Primary school Sabon Gari, Zaria Kaduna State of Nigeria. Cranial measurements including cranial length, cranial width and cranial circumference as well as height and weight were taken using standard measuring tape as well as stadiometer and weighing balance respectively; data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The mean cephalic index was 81.83±9.58. The mean cephalic index for male was 81.85±9.48 and for female was 81.82±9.71. No significant sex differences was observed in the cephalic index (p= 0.982). Cephalic index predicted height positively in the general population (HT= -0.288*CI+151.673, r = 0.318, p < 0.001) as well as in males (HT=-.253*CI+149.344, r = 0.290, p...
The understanding of soft tissues profile of the face for a given population is essential to medical specialty involved in the treatment of the face. It enables treatment plan to be formulated to normalize or enhance facial traits for patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the soft tissue norms in Ijaw tribe of Nigeria. 1002 (501 males and 501 females) subjects between the ages of 18 to 30 were randomly selected. The criteria for selection include a pleasing and balance facial profile, normal over-jet bite, competent lip, no craniofacial deformities and no history of orthodontic treatment or rhinoplasty. The frontal and lateral view photographs of the face were obtained in the natural head position using standard photogrammetric techniques. Angular soft tissue parameters were then evaluated by using Pro-image facial software p. The average values of nasofrontal angle, nasofacial angle, nasomental angle, nasolabial angle, mentoncervical angle, angle of facial convexity and angle of total facial convexity were 132.46 ±0.33, 32.67 ±0.18, 130.13 ±0.22, 99.57 ±0.65, 94 ±0.46, 166.27 ±0.31 and 144.04 ±0.25 degrees for males and 136.95 ±0.32, 31.24 ±0.16, 133.68 ±0.23, 97.12 ±0.54, 90.77 ±0.35, 168.06 ±0.25, 145.07 ±0.25 degrees for females respectively. The results showed significant (p...
Oblique and transverse craniofacial cleft are very infrequently encountered congenital anomaly. This complex craniofacial entity is mostly linked with developmental anomalies of the first and second branchial arches. The pathophysiology for this special cleft is still not well understood as opposed to the cleft lip and palate that is attributed to the failure of fusion of mesoderm. They are usually sporadic with no syndromic association or gender predilection. We intend to present one of such rare case of Tessier's cleft type 3- 4....
The prevalence of obesity in adolescents and children has risen to alarming level globally and this has led to serious public health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the use of mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-thigh circumference (MTC) in the identification of obesity amongst Urhobos a of Delta State. The study was conducted in Eni Grammer School, Churches in Evwreni Delta State, Six. Six hundred subjects (300 males and 300 females) were recruited for the study between the ages 15 - 60 years. Results showed that MAC and MTC strongly correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI) as represented in a scatter plot. Statistical significant difference was observed between male and female MAC (26.61 ± 2.7) and MTC (44.74 ± 6.6). This indicates that there is a direct proportion between MAC, MTC and BMI....
Down's syndrome affects a baby's normal physical development and causes mild to moderate learning difficulties. It is a life-long condition that develops while the baby is still in the uterus. It is characterized by a variable degree of intellectual disability (ID), some effects on health and development, as well as peculiar physical features. This study was carried out in Rivers State, Nigeria and a total of 101 subjects within the age of 5 to 18 years were selected and measured. Anthropometric parameters were measured; Height, Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and craniofacial circumference (CFC). Data was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS IBM version 23.0). Values were expressed as Mean±SD in descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test. Confidence interval was set at 95% and therefore p...