The current issue of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences contains 31 peer-reviewed research articles that cut across different areas of Anatomical Sciences and two biographies of our departed Colleagues - Emeritus Professor Dorothea Lillian Baxter-Grillo and Professor Musa Baba Tanko Umar. On behalf of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences, I say thank you to all the Authors who contributed their valuable research reports to the current issue. Our special appreciation goes to our esteemed reviewers whose selfless services have made this publication possible. <b>Prof. G.S. Oladipo</b> September, 2020. Editor-in-Chief. <b>OFFICERS OF THE ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF NIGERIA</b> President Prof. T.B. Ekanem Vice President Dr. A. Ayannuga Secretary General Dr. A. Danladi Assistance Secretary Dr. A.A. Sadeeq Treasurer Dr. E.A. Osunwoke Editor-in-Chief (JAS) Prof. G.S. Oladipo Editor (JAS) Dr. E.J. Olotu ...
Minor variations between the left and right sides of all human faces exist and are considered normal. These are called asymmetries and result from the effects of genes or environment on the developing face. The environmental factors include but not limited to socioeconomic status and its influence on the facial asymmetry was only studied in the Caucasians. The aim of the present study is to test the effects of socioeconomic status on the facial asymmetry in the less privileged population. Four hundred and twenty-six subjects were randomly recruited, and their faces scanned, using ExaSurface Laser Scanner, after getting an informed consent and ethical approval from the appropriate authority. Scans were prepared and mirrored images merged with the original to estimate the asymmetry between sides. Sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects were acquired using a questionnaire, where socioeconomic status of the individuals was categorized into 3 based on the economic, occupation and education condition of the participants. The overall facial asymmetry and asymmetry around the eye region were recorded using a Geomagic software version 12 USA. The socioeconomic status (SES) and asymmetry data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software version 20. Wilcoxon's, Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskall Wallis' tests were conducted to test the effects of the SES on the face asymmetry. However, results indicated no significant differences in the mean values of facial asymmetry between the three SES groups but there was a significant mean difference of asymmetry around the eye region between the 3 groups of SES in both sexes. Conclusively, facial asymmetry may not be a good measure of developmental instability since mean difference of the facial asymmetry between the three classes of SES is not significant....
Diabetic kidney disease accounts for more than 40% of all end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the United States and the world at large. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological and biochemical effects of magnesium and melatonin on the kidney of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. To achieve this aim fifty-four Wistar rats were used in the study. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce chemical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) after two weeks acclimatization period. Forty-eight diabetic rats were randomly distributed in eight groups and six normal normoglycaemic rats were used as control. The animals were assigned into nine groups as follows, Normal control group (NC), Diabetic control (DC) group, Melatonin Low dose group of 10 mg/kgbw (MLD), magnesium low dose group of 240 mg/kgbw (MgLD), melatonin and magnesium combined low dose group of 10mg/kgbw+240mg/kgbw (MMgLD), melatonin high dose group of 20mg/kgbw (MHD), magnesium high dose group of 480mg/kgbw (MgHD), melatonin and magnesium high dose combined group of 20mg/kgbw+480mg/kgbw (MMgHD) and insulin at 500mg/kgbw group (IN). Melatonin and insulin were administered through intraperitoneal injections (IP) while magnesium was by oral administration. The control groups were given placebo and all group treatment was for twenty-one days. The kidney tissues were evaluated for nephropathy using H&E and Massons trichrome stain. Histopathological results showed that melatonin given at low dose, high dose and when combined with low dose magnesium suppresses histopathological features of Diabetic kidney disease in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats....
Forensic investigation is very crucial towards attaining a crime free society and identification of humans in disaster related issues. This aimed at determining sex from handprints dimensions. The handprint were taken from 232 subjects (102 males and 130 females) aged between 18-45 years, whose parents are of Cross River State, void of congenital or acquired handprint deformities. Handprint collection was taken by smearing indelible ink on a constructed ink pad and the hand of the participant was placed gently against the inkpad and then place with a little pressure on the A4 sized white paper to make outline of handprint the paper was allowed to dry after which anatomical landmarks were drawn using HB pencil followed by measurement using a meter rule calibrated in centimeters. This data was analysed using SPPSS software version 21 Chicago incorporated. Result of independent sample t-test for sexual dimorphism for measured left hand and right hand prints dimensions of male and female of Cross River State are statistically significant different (P...
Exposure to toxicants in-utero could lead to teratogenic malformation including neurodegeneration. Aluminium, a neurotoxin causes the release of free radicals which results in disrupted homeostasis however, its mechanism of action is not fully established. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of kolaviron on the hippocampus of foetal Wistar rats exposed to aluminium chloride In-utero. Fifty (50) female rats were introduced to twenty-five (25) male rats for mating in a ratio of 3:2 once their estrus phase was confirmed through vaginal smear. Female rats were assigned into five (5) members per group once mating was confirmed following presence of sperm cells through vaginal smear the day after male introduction into the female's compartments. They were administered the following: Group A: distilled water, Group B: 0.6 mls of corn oil, Group C: 200mg/kg BW of kolaviron, Group D: 100mg/kg BW of AlCl and Group E: 100mg/kg BW of AlCl + 200mg/kg BW of kolaviron. Administration was 3 3 done orally with the use of an oral cannula during the 2nd and 3rd week of gestation on days 8- 10 and days 15- 18 respectively. Animal sacrifice was carried out on day 20 of gestation and feotuses were carefully removed. Both body and brain weights of the fetuses were evaluated. Foetal hippocampii were further excised from the brains and homogenized in 0.25 M of sucrose solution for biochemical analysis. There was a reduction in both body and brain weights of the fetuses whose mothers received AlCl in both 2nd and 3rd weeks of gestation when compared to those 3 treated with AlCl kolaviron respectively. Significant increase in glucose metabolism through increase in G-6-PDH 3 + levels in the hippocampus of rats in group E was observed when compared to those in group D. Expression of cyt-c was found to be significantly reduced in the hippocampus of foetal rats in group D when compared to those in group E. This study concluded that contact with AlClç during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of gestation affected neurodevelopment. The intervention of kolaviron minimized AlClç-induced toxicity in foetal hippocampus by boosting antioxidative status. Hence this study recommends that kolaviron could be considered as an agent in targeting Al-induced neurodegeneration....
Khaya senegalenesis is the most popular African medicinal meliaceous plants used traditionally in the management of neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to investigate the neuroregenerative effects of Khaya senegalenesis bark extract on cerebral ischemia in adult wistar rats. Twentyfive adult wistar rats weighing 300-400 g were randomly divided into five groups (each n=5), and in 2 phases of experiment. Phase 1 stroke induction (group B - E) and phase 2, treatment (group D & E) at low and high doses of 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight of Khaya senegalenesis. 4 groups (groups B - E) were stroke induced by occlusion of middle cerebral artery through incision of the cervical region. Group A were control, administered distilled water, group B, stroke-induced and evaluation, group C, stroke-induced and untreated to assess recovery, group D and E, stroke-induced and treated. At the end of 2 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocations, blood sample collected to measure marker of oxidative stress, serum electrolytes and the brain tissues were perfused with phosphate buffer solution, harvested, processed and stained with H& E for histological observation. Normal histoarchitecture of cerebral cortex observed in control (group A) while group B revealed intact meninges, with congested meningeal vessels, mild tissue gliosis, lymphocytic infiltrates, show cerebral ischemia induced expression. Group C shows intact meninges, with moderate to severe lymphocytic infiltrates, vascular congestion, mild tissue oedema and gliosis. On treatment, low dose of Khaya senegalenesis shows minimal cellular proliferation and moderate gliosis while there was marked improvement in neurovascular unit in Khaya senegalenesis high dose. SOD, GSH, Na+ and K+ significantly decrease while MDA increase significantly in stroke induced rats. In the treated groups, SOD, GSH, Na+ and K+ values significantly increase while MDA significantly decrease. A dose of 250 mg/kg body weight of Khaya senegalenesis ethanol stem bark extract has been shown to ameliorate induced degenerative changes in the cerebral cortex causes by stroke-induced adult wistar rats....
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, second only to cataract and as such, a source of major public health concern. The aim of this study was to find a correlation between intraocular pressure and waist hip ratio for patients with glaucoma and compare data with non-glaucoma subjects. A total number of 70 randomly selected subjects comprising 30 males and 40 females attending outpatient clinics of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) were involved. The procedure was explained to the patients and informed consent obtained. For each subject, the intraocular pressure, hip circumference, and waist circumference of each subject was taken. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using the Keeler Pulsar Intel puff machine, model 2414-p-200, Keeler USA which is a type of applanation tonometer while a simple measuring tape was used for the somatometric parameters. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 23. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD. Student t-test was carried out to determine statistically significant difference in the measured somatometric parameters. Chi-square was employed to test relationship between the somatometric parameters and variables related to glaucoma in the two groups. Confidence interval was set at 95%, therefore a ñ-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results showed that WC (cm) for male glaucoma patients was 88.72±25.78 while for the non-glaucoma subjects was 79.69±25.40, while for female glaucoma patients (83.06±23.80) and female non-glaucoma subjects (85.22±25.02). HC (cm) for male glaucoma patients was 102.14±23.37 while for the non-glaucoma subjects (96.68±22.33), female glaucoma patients (100.20±27.09) and female non-glaucoma subjects (101.98±22.81). Right IOP for male glaucoma patients was (24.97±2.40), nonglaucoma subjects (17.20±2.58) whereas for female glaucoma patients (24.99±2.84) and female non-glaucoma subjects (17.34±2.99) while for Left IOP, male glaucoma patients (23.91±9.26), male non-glaucoma subjects (18.46±5.45), female glaucoma patients (23.06±7.62) and female non-glaucoma subjects (15.49±3.65). For the females the correlation between IOP and gender was not statistically significant. However, a positive correlation was established between IOP and waist hip ratio (WHR) i.e. IOP increased with increased WHR. In conclusion, the size of an individual as determined by waist to hip ratio should among other individual factors be considered in the clinical management of glaucoma irrespective of sex....
The decision to predict students' performance in a course creates an opportunity to improve educational outcome. This present study was aimed to derive an equation (if any) for predicting the professional examination performance in Anatomy of students' from their continuous assessment scores. One hundred and thirty five students (135) were registered for medical programme in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 sessions in the University of The Gambia, out of which only one hundred and thirty two (132) students who sat for the professional examination participated in this study, the remaining three could not continue the programme. Students' scores were obtained from record sheets for continuous assessment and professional examinations and were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0 for the mean, standard deviation and range for both continuous assessment and professional examinations. The three sessional results pooled together showed that 18.2% of students obtained distinction (score > 70%), 75.7% obtained pass (score = 50-69%), and 6.1% obtained fail (score ...
The activities of Lead, a quite extensively studied environmental and occupational heavy metal, is been desired by several as a means of income, creating boundless possibility for it neurotoxic effect which is more pronounce in children neuropsychological development. Niazimicin (Nz), an isolate of Moringa Oleifera (MO), has neuroprotective property. Thus we explored if Nz can protect against prenatalPb-induced toxicity as well as PFC damage, across various days in 2nd. A total of 70 adultWistarrats (180 - 200g) comprising of 50 female and 20 male, were randomly assigned into five (5) groups, each group comprised of 10 female with 4 male, housed in plastic cages under natural light and dark cycles at room temperature with access to standard rat chow and water ad libitum. Group A received distilled water, group B was given tween 80 vehicle, group C received Nz, group D received Lead (Pb) while group E were given Pb+Nz. Pregnancy was confirmed by vaginal smear, and all administrations were through oral route for 3 days (day 8-10), afterward two female each from various group were sacrificed in order to harvest pops in day 1, 7, 14, 21 and 35. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze data, followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test, using Graph pad Prism 6. Approval was obtained from the University of Ilorin Research Ethics Committee with no: UERC/ASN/2016/359. Pb significantly reduced the body weight (day 7, 21 and 35) and the relative brain weight changes (day1) with obvious reduction across other days. MDA and Calcium ion with SOD, GPx, LDH and G6PDH levels showed a significant increase with decrease respectively.Pb promote pyknotic and chromatolytic neurons, reducing deeply stained neurons, and the density of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive reactive astrocytes expression was increased. However, Nz ameliorated those Pb toxic effects, with mild toxic outcome on Nz alone treated groups. Nz was able to ameliorate neonatal Pb-induced neurotoxicity, which account for morphological damages, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, metabolic stress and astrogliosis. However, this finding has been able to elucidate the potentials of Nz as a neuro-protective agent against Pb-induced neurotoxicity....
Anatomy is one of the oldest disciplines in the world and an essential component of all the professional degrees, including Medicine, Dentistry Nursing Pharmacy, and Physiotherapy. Undoubtedly undergraduate anatomy education is on the decline globally [1-3] albeit, more in the developed countries than in most developing countries that still heavily depend on cadaveric dissections. [4-6] Cadaveric dissection remains the method of choice for teaching human anatomy [7-12] because it has withstood the test of time, [1,4, 13, 14], impacts positively on the majority of medical students who had attested that dissection fosters teamwork, provides them with a foundation critical to development of clinical skills, aids with their professional development, as it helps to build discipline and independent skills that are essential requirements of modern health care setup. It also helps them come to terms with death and dying. [5,6] However, the acquisition of cadavers, the material to be dissected, leaves a gap in the moral fabric of the principles and practice of Anatomy as a discipline and profession....
The consumption of Hypoxis hemerocallidea (HH) is of public health interest since preparations from them are highly promoted, especially in South Africa as agents that can also enhance immunity in HIV/AIDS patients. This study was designed to investigate the effect of this herb compared to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the testis. Twenty four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (188.98±4.5 g) were distributed into four groups (A - D) and treated with HAART and HH according to protocol. After eight weeks of treatment, blood samples were obtained for hormonal analyses. Testicles were fixed in buffered formaldehyde and paraffin processed. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, seminal fluid and morphometric analyses were carried out. There were no significant changes (P...
The hypoglycaemic property of ethanolic leaves extract of Costusaferkergawl on the pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats was evaluated to unravel the basis for its use in diabetes. Twenty-five male wistar rats weighing 180-200g were equally distributed into five groups of five rats designated A, B, C, D and E. Group A served as the normal control and did not receive any treatment, groups B, C, D and E were fasted overnight and diabetes was induced using single dose of 140mg/kg alloxan monohydrate (i.p). Group B served as the diabetic control and did not receive any other treatment while groups C, D and E received 100, 200 and 300mg/kg body weightof ethanolic leaf extract ofCostusaferkergawl respectively for 14days. Blood was collected from tail vein for estimation of fasting blood glucose levelson the 0, 7 and 14thday of experiment. On day 15, the animals were anesthetized using 4mg/kg ketamine (i.p), the pancreas were harvested and processed for histological studies using H and E technique. Results of this study showed that ethanol extract of Costus afer ker gawl leaves ameliorated the diabetogenic effect of alloxan and decreased significantly the blood glucose level (P? ...
The present study investigated the effects of Calabash Chalk on the histoarchitecture of the ovary and the uterus of adult wistar rats. Twenty one female wistar rats weighing between 180-200g were used for this study. All the animals were housed properly and fed with feed and water ad libitum. Daily vaginal smear analysis was done on all the rats for three consecutive estrous cycles to ascertain the state of the estrous cycle of each rat so as to ensure that they were all at the same phase (proestrous) of the estrous cycle before administration commenced on each rat. The rats were divided into three Groups: Group A (control) was given distilled water, groups B and C were given 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg body weight of Calabash chalk respectively orally for fourteen days. On day 14, the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation and the ovary and uterus were excised and taken for histopathological examination. The results revealed that there was no appreciable change in mean weight across the treatment groups (p...
Angular facial analysis is important in human identification and for use between populations. The aim of this study was to determine the facial norms of the Isoko people by using facial analysis. A total number of 180 subjects comprising 90 males and 90 females of Isoko origin were recruited for this study. Standardized lateral view photographs of subjects were taken in the natural head position and aesthetic facial angles which includes; nasofacial, nasofrontal. Nasomental, nasolabial and mentocervical angles were determined. Results showed that the mean values for the Isoko females were 137.30±0.71º, 30.3±0.41 º, 84.94 ±1.50º, 132.28±0.68º, 98.62±0.92º for nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasolabial and mentocervical angles respectively while for the males it was 133.42±1.89º, 30.85±0.34º, 83.53±1.21º, 130.60±0.51º, and 99.43±0.73º for nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasolabial, nasomental and mentocervical angles respectively. Significant difference was observed in the nasofrontal but all other measured parameters had no observed sexual dimorphism. In conclusion, facial angles are important features for identification and forensic investigation among populations....
Utilizing prints as a means of identification is one of the widespread methods in forensic anthropology and the most popular is fingerprint. The study aimed at investigating fingerprint patterns of individuals from Delta State, Nigeria. Participants were 85males and females each respectively. Fingerprints were taken with a Hewlett placard G4010 fingerprint scanner. Chi-square test established sex associated differences while Mood median test determined the laterality of friction ridges. All inferential statistical analysis was carried out at 95% confidence level, with PW>A>RL (63.94%, 26.29%, 8.18%,1.59%) for the studied population. Findings showed that the most predominant pattern among the males was the whorls while ulnar loop and arches were frequently observed among the females. Fingerprints showed dimorphism for R3D and L2D (÷2 = 12.931, [df=3] 10.181 ; P= 0.005, 0.017). Ridge counts also revealed sexual dimorphism for R2D, 3D, 4D, TR and L1D, 2D, 5D, TL; TFRC (÷2 = 6.815, 17.191, 4.628, 7.625; P=0.009, 0.001, 0.031, 0.006)(4.012, 11.390, 5.297, 4.618; 3.976; [df=1] P= 0.045, 0.001, 0.021, 0.032; 0.046). We observed peculiarities in fingerprint patterns among individuals from Delta State while R3D and L2D can be used as a tool in estimating sex for forensic purpose....
Chronic aluminum toxicity induces cellular alterations and oxidative stress thereby causing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. This study elucidated the neuroprotective efficacy of Moringa oleifera (MO) on aluminum-chloride (AlCl ) induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) in adult Wistar rats. Forty (40) adult male Wistar 3 rats (160±20 g) were divided into 4 groups (n=10). Group A received normal saline as placebo; Group B received 200 mg/kg body weight of AlCl only; Group C received 100 mg/kg body weight of MO and 200 mg/kg body weight 3 of AlCl and Group D received 100 mg/kg body weight of MO only. All administration was done orally per day for 3 45 days. After the last administration, the animals underwent behavioral tests (Morris Water maze, Y-Maze, and Open field). Thereafter, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood samples were collected to obtain serum and the brain was harvested for further analysis. The antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH, and SOD) levels, serum electrolyte (Na+, Ca2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, except K+,) and neurotransmitter levels (dopamine, serotonin, except norepinephrine), behavioral tests (spatial memory and learning deficit) were significantly decreased with corresponding increase in oxidative stress markers (MDA, H O and NO) among AlCl induced group. MO 2 2 3 preserves hippocampal neurons, antioxidant levels, neurotransmitters, learning, and memory abilities induced by AlCl ....
This study was targeted at investing the effects of Moringa oleifera seed oil in cadmium and herbal alcoholic beverage induced haematological disorders in Wistar rats. The investigated haematological parameters included haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), lymphocytes (LYM), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red and white blood cells counts (RBC & WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and pack cell volume (PCV). Exposure to both CdSO and herbal alcoholic beverage were 4 significantly (P...
The Estimation Of Sex And Stature Is Important In Establishing A Biological Profile For Personal Identification For Medico-Legal Purposes, Mostly When Body Parts Are Found Dismembered Or Mutilated. This Study Aimed To Measure Anthropometric Foot Parameters Of Adult Male And Female Cross River State Indigenes, To Investigate The Possibility Of Using Anthropometric Foot Dimensions To Estimate Sex And Stature. The Study Comprised 249 Subjects (129 Males And 120 Females) Who Have Both Paternal And Maternal Origin In Cross River State Were Included In This Study. To Ascertain Their Origin, They Were Asked Verbally. The Participants Included Were Aged, 18–65 Years Who Volunteered And Satisfied The Inclusion Criteria. Following Institutional Approval, Anthropometric Measurements Of Stature, Foot Length (FL), Foot Width (FW), Bi-Malleolar Width (BMW) Were Taken. The Data Was Analyzed For Descriptive And Inferential Statistics Using The SPSS Statistical Package Version 20.0. The Results Of The Present Study Recorded Mean Stature Values Were; 176.49 ± 7.4 Cm For Males, 166.36 ± 7.1 Cm For Females, And 171.42 ± 8.9 Cm For The Pooled Sample. Independent T-Test Exhibited Statistically Significant Gender Differences (P...
During routine dissection for medical students at the Department of Anatomy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, an adult male cadaver was found with an unusual, unilateral, long cylindrical muscle mass, within a separate fascial sheet, at the back of the left shoulder, extending from the axillary border of the scapular to the shaft of the humerus. Among variations of the deltoid muscle, anomalous origin of the deltoid muscle from the lateral (axillary) border of the scapular is exceptionally uncommon. While the prevalence is yet unknown, the knowledge of this unique variation, and its influence on the normal anatomical landmarks of the back of the scapular and shoulder region, are clinically relevant to surgeons who harvest posterior deltoid and scapular flaps for a wide range of posterior scapular and shoulder joint reconstructions. Knowledge of this variation will help to ensure a better understanding and accurate interpretation of radiological images, and serve as a guide to circumvent difficulties during reconstructive shoulder joint procedures....
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a long acting reversible hormonal contraceptive that is injected every three months. It is marketed under the brand name Depo-Provera and it is believed to have an abortifacient property. The aim therefore was to evaluate the abortifacient capacity of Depo-Provera on Pregnant rats. In the study design, twelve pregnant sexually mature adult female rats with an average weight of 150g were used, they were divided into three groups of four rats; A, B and C respectively. Group A served as the control group. Group B served as the high dose group (200ml/kg), Group C served as the low dose group (100ml/kg). Results showed that all the rats from group A at the end of gestation, gave birth to normal and healthy liters. No mortality was recorded. Histologically, the uterus showed normal endometrial lining with intact epithelial arrangement. The myometrium appeared normal with diverse arrangement of muscle fibers in longitudinal and circular layers. In groups B and C, there was bleeding or spots from the vagina, blood stains around the eyes and mouth were observed, also fetal mortality was recorded with subsequent mortality of the pregnant rats. The epithelial lining of the uterus lost its columnar orientation with distortion of the cilia, thus making it less ciliated. There was also a reduction in mucosal fold. In conclusion, Depo-Provera could be said to be fetotoxic and harmful to pregnant rats because its inability to induce abortion in the pregnant rats led to the eventual death of the rats. These findings suggest that Depo-Provera should not be considered as a conventional abortion therapy in any medical condition where abortion is advised or in societies where abortion is legalized....
Flatfoot or pes planus is defined subjectively as a weight-bearing foot with an abnormally low or absent longitudinal arch. It has been observed to be the most common foot pathology not only in patients of all ages in general but in pediatric, orthopedic practice in particular. The medial longitudinal plantar arch has crucial functions in foot biomechanics. It acts as a foothold and shock absorber during walking and is the most important reference in determining the degree of pes planus and pes cavus. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of flat foot in children and to check if prevalence was sexually dimorphic. This cross sectional study was carried out on pupils and students of University of Lagos Staff Primary School and University of Lagos International Secondary School. A total of 218 volunteers comprising 117 females and 101 males with ages ranging from 6-15 years were recruited for the study. Obtained footprints were scanned using the Bearpaw™ scanner and saved in a personal computer. The scanned prints were exported to CorelDraw™ software, where measurements for Mid Arch Width and Width at the Heel were taken to calculate Staheli Index. Independent samples test was used to compare group means and unpaired T-test was used to check for sexual dimorphism. Data analyses was performed using SPSS version 16 software. The results show that the overall mean and standard deviation for Staheli Index of the subjects for both feet was 1.02±0.28. There was no significant difference between males and females. The overall percentage of subjects with flatfeet in the study was 59 (13.53%) out of a total number of 436 feet analyzed. Of these number, males accounted for 39 (66.1%) of flat feet while the number in females was 20 (33.9%). This prevalence estimates can serve as baseline data for podiatrist, shoe manufacturers and can be helpful in clinical practice....
Exclusive breastfeeding has been linked to many positive health outcomes, yet its widespread adoption as the primary mode of providing nutrition to infants remains challenging. The most common reported reason for early breastfeeding cessation is perception of inadequate milk production. Therapeutic approaches to ameliorating insufficient lactation exists in form of pharmaceutical and herbal galactagogues but the activities of herbal galactagogues remain poorly understood. To augment breast milk production, a substantial number of women turn to herbal galactagogues either due to lack of finance for pharmaceutical galactagogues or even following expert recommendations amongst the elite despite lack of information on their efficacy and safety. Worthy of note in this light is palm wine, the paucity of such information as regarding the efficacy and safety of this most commonly used pharmaceutical lactation failure remedy among others remain distressing to the medical field and the society at large. The study was aimed at obsevinging the histological changes in the mammary glands following administration of fresh palm wine in postpartum female albino wistar rats. Fifteen (15) female albino wister rats and nine (9) male albino wister rats with weight ranging from 180-200g was used for this study. They were acclimatized and vaginal smears were repeatedly collected and analyzed to determine the estrous cycle and fertile males introduced appropriately, at the confirmation of coitus they were randomly divided into three (3) groups of five (5) each. Following parturition, fresh palm wine was administered according to their body weight using the standard value of ten mils per kilogram body weight (10ml/kg BW) for a period of 14 days. On the 15th day the animals were then sacrificed, the mammary glands were harvested and fixed in 10% formal saline. Stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and examined under the microscope. The control group showed a normal lobulo-alveolar system with proliferating ducts and acini lined by vacuolated epithelial cell, stroma present and blood vessels seen. Low dose test group showed very large ducts and lobules with highly branched alveoli lined by large vacuolated cells with irregular larger and empty lumen. The fibrous and fatty stroma is sparsely distributed and blood vessels are hardly visible. Test group 2 showed hyperplasia and deeply stained epithelial cells with closely packed alveoli having irregular lumen containing eosinophillic secretion in the lobules; the ducts were irregular; fatty and fibrous stroma is inconspicuous; blood vessels were also inconspicuous. The progressive increase in hyperplasia of the glandular tissue suggests the efficacy of fresh palm wine as a galactagogue....
The anthropometric study of the index and ring fingers of the lgala ethnic group of Nigeria was carried out to determine the values of the 2ndand 4thdigit ratios and to see their correlation with other anthropometric variables. Six hundred and two adolescents secondary school students between the ages of 13-19 years were recruited in this study, three hundred and twenty-two were females and two hundred and eighty were males. The index (2nd) and ring (4th) digits length were measured using a Vernier caliper, the height and the weight were also measured. The 2D:4D were determined for each subject while the height and weight were used to calculate the BMI. The result showed significant difference (p...
This study investigated the effects of Parkia clappertoniana (PC) on the hippocampal structure and functions in Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine-induced Epilepsy in Wistar rat Model. A total of 36 adult male Wistar rats were used for this study and divided into groups A to F, group A (Control), B (200mg/kg of PC), C (127mg/kg of Lithium chloride + 30mg/kg of Pilocarpine), D (127mg/kg of Lithium chloride + 30mg/kg of Pilocarpine + 100mg/kg of PC), E (127mg/kg of Lithium chloride + 30mg/kg of Pilocarpine + 200mg/kg of PC), F(127mg/kg of Lithium chloride + 30mg/kg of Pilocarpine +10mg/kg Sodium valproate). Treatment lasted for 28 days and the neurobehavioural studies carried out were Open Field and Radial Arm Maze tests. Animals were sacrificed and fixed using perfusion method. The brain specimens were grossed and subjected to morphological analysis, neurotransmitter test for glutamate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enzyme test for Glutamate decarboxylase. Results showed significant decrease in the level of anxiety, exploratory activities and memory across the groups induced with epilepsy when compared with the control and observable increase in anxiety, exploratory activities and memory of the groups treated with PC and sodium valproate. The neurotransmitter glutamate showed significant increase in group C when compared with control and the rest of the treated groups. Histological result showed evidences of neuronal degeneration, vacuolation, and pyramidal cell dispersion in group C when compared with the control and rest of the groups. The pyramidal cells appeared better organized in group administered with low dose of PC when compared with the groups treated with high dose. Also, the GFAP test showed reactive astrocytosis in the groups induced with epilepsy and observable decrease in astrogliosis in groups treated with PC and sodium valproate. In conclusion, this study shows possible anticonvulsant properties of Parkia clappertoniana as seen in amelioration of glutamate levels following administration of PC and removed on its effects on hippocampal CA1 neuron and reduction in astrocytic reactivity and this is in agreement with previous study that reported its used in folk medicine to treat epilepsy especially in the northern part of Nigeria....
The estimation of standing height (stretched stature) is considered as one of the important parameters in the identification of a person. The aim of this research is to correlate and estimate Standing height using sitting height amongst indigenes of Northern Senatorial district of Cross River State. This study was conducted on 600 subjects (300 males and 300 females), aged 18 to 48 years, the subjects were further grouped into three sub age groups of 18- 28, 29- 38 and 39-48 years old. The result of the study showed that the overall mean of the Standing height irrespective of age for male was 176.2±7.4cm and sitting height was 84.8±4.4cm, while for female the Standing height was 165.7±9.2 cm and sitting height was 80.3±3.0cm. Sexual dimorphism was also noted in age groups 18 to 28 and 29 to 38 years old with male values being higher than their female counterpart. Pearson regression coefficients of standing height and sitting height were recorded for both male and female as 0.606 and 0.610 respectively. The high values of the regression coefficient signify that sitting height reliably predicts Standing height in both genders. Linear regression equations were determined for males and females respectively. This study has provided a data base for the measured parameter and a linear regression equation for the estimation of Standing height specific for indigenes of Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State. This can be used to estimate stature in individuals with standing defects. The data will be of immense value to physical anthropologists....
In developing countries traditional medicine still plays an important role in local health care systems. Estimation has shown that up to 80% of some Asian and African countries depend on traditional medicine for their health care needs. Vernonia amygdalina has been reported to show a significant inhibitory activity in-vitro. This study was conducted to investigate the histological changes of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (ELVA) in cerebral cortex of young mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (Pb). A total of twentyfive (25) young mice, mixed sex, aged 2-3 weeks, weighing between 5-8g were divided into five groups with five mice per group. Group 1 (distilled water), Group 2 (Pb), Group 3 (Pb + ELVA 250mg/kg), Group 4 (Pb + ELVA 125mg/kg) and Group 5 was treated with (Pb + 1.2mg/kg Pyrimethamine). The mice were treated with ELVA for 72 hours prior to inoculation with P. berghei, while parasite quantification was recorded up till the 8th day before sacrifice. Brain tissues of sacrificed mice were removed and fixed in Bouin's fluid, processed for histopathology using Haematoxyline and Eosin (H and E), and Cresyl Echt Violet stain. ELVA at doses 2500mg/kg, 1250mg/kg and Pyrimethamine at 1.2mg/kg exhibited parasitemia level of no statistical significance and percentage suppression of group 3 (72.7%), group 4 (76.2%) and group 5 (61%) (p...
Recent findings show conflicting evidences of both beneficial and deleterious effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Ascorbic acid (ACA) is a source of antioxidant. This study seeks to examine the role of iNOS in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage following treatment with ACA. Twenty (20) female rats (150-200g) were used for the study, which were divided into four groups (A-D) n=5. Group A received normal saline while groups B-D received 2700 mg/kg of paracetamol for 21 days. Later, Groups C and D were orally treated with 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight of ACA respectively for 21 days and group B was left untreated. Rats were sacrificed 24hours after the last administration. Blood and liver tissues were collected for biochemical, immunohistochemical and histological assays. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze data. Graph pad Prism 5 was used for analysis, p-values ? 0.05 were considered statistically significant. iNOS was strongly expressed across the groups. Collagen fibre was densely expressed in groups A and C while elastic fibre was densely distributed in A and D. ALT showed significant (p= 0.05) increase in APAP group while AST was increased only in ACA-treated groups. SGPT was increased significantly in ACA-treated groups while SGOT showed no differences across groups. TBARS was increased significantly (p=0.05) in group ACA-treated groups when compared with control. We conclude that iNOS is not only expressed in damaged tissues, as other underlying processes could lead to its expression in normal tissue. ACA was instrumental in ameliorating APAP liver damage. ...
This study evaluated the nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx (HSCE) on normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg b.w. Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.3). The rats were divided into five groups (n =12) including normal control group, test group I, diabetic negative control, test group II, and diabetic positive control. The test groups received 1.75 g/kg bw of HSCE by gavage for 15 days. Animals were sacrificed; their kidney tissues and serum were evaluated for histopathological and biochemical parameters. The protective effects of the extract on STZ-diabetes induced renal damage was evident from the results of the histopathological analysis and the biochemical parameters evaluated in the serum and kidney homogenates. Reduced levels of glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the kidney of diabetic rats were significantly improved in the H. sabdariffa -treated rats (p < 0.05). Elevated concentrations of urea and creatinin in the serum of diabetic rats were also significantly lowered (p < 0.05) in HSCE-treated rats. Examination of stained kidney sections revealed hydropic glomerular and tubular degenerations, Bowman space diminution, glomerular and tubular basement membrane thickening as well as excessive deposition of glycogen and collagen in the renal interstitium. The kidneys of HSCE-treated rats were protected from these pathological changes. The protective effects of the extract on STZ-diabetes-induced renal damage could be partly related to its antioxidant activity....
The study was carried out to compare the carrying angle of athletes in selected sports and non-athletes in South- South and South-East Nigeria, from age 22 to 36years old. Measurements were done using universal goniometer and flexible curve. A total of four hundred and seventy-two (472) males (140 non-athletes and 136 athletes) and female (115 non-athletes and 81 athletes) subjects were selected from South-South and South-East Nigeria using a purposive sampling technique for athletes and simple random sampling for non-athletes. Themean value and standard deviation of rightcarrying angle (RCA) for male is 11.00±2.460 for non-athletes and 11.79±2.440 for athletes while that of the female is 14.12±2.830 for non-athletes and 16.11±2.670 for athletes at p < 0.001. The mean value and standard deviation of left carrying angle (RCA) is 9.66±2.280 for male non-athletes and 9.89±2.280 for male athletes while that of the female is 12.47±2.590 for non-athletes and 13.39±1.950 for athletes at p < 0.001. Statistical analysis using T-test showed that the carrying angle is significantly higher in athletes (male and female) than in non-athletes at p...
This study examined gross morphology and osteometry of vertebrae [lumbar (L), sacrum (S) and coccygeal (C)] and pelvic bones of male New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolaguscuniculus) and their clinical relevance. Ten healthy male rabbits weighing between 2.8-3.2kgwere used. The animals were sacrificed and their bones processed using standard methods. Gross morphological features of the vertebrae and pelvic bones were described and standard osteometric variables of lumbar, sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae and pelvic bone also determined. Results showed the lumbar vertebrae to be seven, with spinous and transverse processes that decreased in craniocaudal manner. The sacrum was fused, with the first three cranial sets bearing conspicuous spinous process oriented in different directions. The pelvic bone was rectangular consisting of ilium, ischium and paired pubic bones united by a symphyseal joint. The coccygeal bones numbered up to sixteen. Remarkable osteometric findings include: significantly decrease (p...
Dermatoglyphics is the study of the configuration of epidermal ridges of the volar surfaces of palms, fingers, soles and toes. This study on digital dermatoglyphic patterns of Ibibio ethnic group of Akwa Ibom State was aimed at analyzing the dermatoglyphic patterns present on the fingers of the Ibibio people and the interrelationship existing among them. A total of two hundred and twenty (220) subjects who are indigenes of Ibibio ethnic group of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were selected for this research, one hundred and ten for both males and females. Informed consent was obtained from subjects prior to this research. The digital lipstick dermatoglyphic method was employed for the study. The subjects' hands were painted with lipstick, the subjects were asked to place their entire palms on a white duplicating paper which leaves the fingerprint on the paper. The fingerprints of subjects were analyzed with the aid of a magnifying glass to obtain the different print patterns. Chi-square was used as a statistical tool to analyse the fingerprints. The results obtained for the right fingerprints were as follows: 12.1%, 1.55%, 49.5%, 0.9%, 33.65, 0.5%, 0.9%, 0.5%, 0.5% for Plain Arch (PA), Tented Arch (TA), Ulnar Loop (UL), Radial Loop (RL), Plain Whorl (PW), Double Loop Whorl (DLW), Concentric Whorl Pattern (CWP), Central Pocketed Whorl (CPW) and composite whorl respectively. For the left fingerprints, the results obtained were: 13.4%, 3.2%, 48.4%, 1.1%, 31.1%, 1.1%, 0.7%, 0.1% and 1.0% for Plain Arch (PA), Tented Arch (TA), Ulnar Loop (UL), Radial Loop (RL), Plain Whorl (PW), Double Loop Whorl (DLW), Concentric Whorl Pattern (CWP), Central Pocketed Whorl (CPW) and composite whorl respectively. Results revealed that digital dermatoglyphic pattern differed significantly amongst the Ibibio subjects. Ulnar loop appeared most frequently distributed on the right hand with 49.5% and 48.4% on the left hand. This study presents the first ever documented record of dermatoglyphics of Ibibio tribe in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria....