Exposure to environmental neurotoxicants is linked to neurological effects of epilepsy, impacting not only seizure severity but also neuroglial integrity across different brain regions. This study investigated the effects of Vitamin E and Valproic Acid on neuronal and glial changes in the septal nucleus of rats exposed to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and cypermethrin. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental groups in a two-phase design, receiving various combinations of pentylenetetrazol, cypermethrin, Vitamin E, and valproic acid. Septal sections underwent Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, along with immunohistochemical markers for astrogliosis (GFAP) and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acidergic interneurons (Parvalbumin). Cypermethrin or Pentylenetetrazol significantly decreased parvalbumin-positive interneurons and GFAP+ astrocyte expression in the septal nucleus, with observable degenerative features in the septal neuronal cytoarchitecture. Conversely, VPA and Vitamin E, whether alone or combined, partially restored PV-positive interneurons and GFAP+ astrocytic expressions, indicating partial preservation of astrocytes, with the combination showing the greatest improvement. There was also a cumulative structural recovery in the overall cytoarchitecture with combined treatment. These findings suggest that cypermethrin contributes to septal neuropathology in seizure models, and that combined antioxidant and antiepileptic therapy may partly reduce astrocytic and neuronal loss....
Petroleum products are used for various purposes owing to their importance; however, the need for their constant application has led to persistent exposure to humans and the environment. This study seeks to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to these products on the histoarchitecture of the lungs in the rat model. A total of forty adult Wistar rats with weights ranging from 158 g to 230 g were procured. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten animals each. Group CT animals (Control) were exposed to fresh air only for twenty weeks. The Test Groups, Group P animals were exposed to 100 ml of petrol fumes between four and twenty weeks, Group K animals were exposed to 100 ml of kerosene fumes between four and twenty weeks, while Group D animals were exposed to 100 ml of diesel fumes between four and twenty weeks. The normal histomorphology of the lungs as seen in the control group showed clearly the bronchioles, pulmonary alveoli, and blood vessels. Generally, prolonged exposure to petroleum products results in a number of respiratory complications. There were different histoarchitectural changes seen in the test groups. Such changes include congested blood vessels with distorted pulmonary alveoli, distorted, dilated alveoli, hemorrhagic and inflammatory cells. The damage seen on the histoarchitecture of the lungs is characterized by the breakdown of fats and proteins, which weakens the structure of the lung lining and may eventually lead to the development of chronic diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)....
Diabetes mellitus represents a persistent metabolic condition defined by elevated blood sugar, stemming from either the loss of insulin-producing beta cells or a diminished response to insulin. While conventional treatment like metformin manages glucose levels, they often fail to reverse underlying pancreatic damage. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in phytomedicines like Zobo (Hibiscus sabdariffa), known for its antioxidant-rich phytochemical profile, to aid in tissue regeneration. The present research evaluated the regenerative effects of H. sabdariffa aqueous extract on the pancreases of Wistar rats after inducing type 1 diabetes using alloxan monohydrate. Ten female rats were categorized into five experimental sets: normal control, diabetic control (alloxan 200 mg/kg), two Zobo extract cohorts (200 and 500 mg/kg), and a metformin-treated group (150 mg/kg). Successful induction of type 1 diabetes was verified by fasting glucose readings exceeding 200 mg/dL after single intraperitoneal administration. After a 7-day treatment period, pancreatic tissue was harvested and prepared for H&E histological evaluation. Histological results from the diabetic control group indicated disrupted acini and no pancreatic islets. In contrast, rats treated with H. sabdariffa extract showed dose-dependent structural recovery. The 500 mg/kg dose demonstrated significant restoration of pancreatic histoarchitecture, characterized by the presence of healthy islets and acinar cells, comparable to the regeneration observed in the metformin-treated group although the metformin-treated group appeared slightly better. The findings suggest that H. sabdariffa aqueous extract possesses potent restorative properties. By protecting beta cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, it facilitates pancreatic regeneration, offering a promising, affordable, and natural adjunct therapy for diabetes management....
Propolis is a complex bee-derived natural product with reported neuroprotective properties, largely based on studies using solvent extracts or isolated bioactive constituents. However, the neurobehavioral effects of consuming whole propolis as a dietary component remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of dietary supplementation with whole propolis on cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors in male and female mice. Adult mice (8-10 week old) received standard chow or chow supplemented with 5% whole propolis for 14 days, after which behavioral assessments were conducted using the Novel Object Recognition test, Y-maze, and the zero plus maze. Whole propolis supplementation enhanced recognition memory in both male and female mice, as indicated by increased exploration of the novel object. In contrast, spatial working memory assessed by spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze was impaired in male mice but unchanged in females. Anxiety-like behavior, evaluated using the zero plus maze, was increased in both sexes, as reflected by reduced open-arm exploration. These findings demonstrate that whole propolis consumption differentially modulates neurobehavioral outcomes in a sex-dependent manner. The study highlights the importance of evaluating natural products in their unrefined dietary form and underscores the need to consider sex as a biological variable when assessing the neurobehavioral impact of dietary bioactive compounds....
Advancements in additive manufacturing have driven the emergence of 3D bioprinting, a technique first developed for biomedical applications that is now gaining traction in forensic science. This technology enables the creation of anatomically accurate tissues and organ replicas, offering new possibilities in biological reconstruction, trauma analysis, and evidence modeling. By enhancing accuracy, reproducibility, and visual representation, 3D bioprinting is transforming forensic investigations and courtroom presentations. This review explores the integration of 3D bioprinting into forensic science, highlighting applications, benefits, limitations, and future prospects in forensic pathology, crime scene reconstruction, facial approximation, and legal proceedings. A systematic review of literature published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords such as “3D bioprinting,” “forensic reconstruction,” “bio-ink,” and “trauma modeling” guided the search. Selected studies were evaluated based on technological approaches, forensic applications, and reported outcomes. Findings reveal that 3D bioprinting shows significant promise in replicating soft tissue injuries, reconstructing skeletal trauma, and aiding facial identification. Printed models demonstrate high fidelity in reproducing wound patterns and anatomical structures, thereby supporting forensic analysis and strengthening the clarity of evidence presented in legal contexts. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including limited material realism, high production costs, and a lack of standardized protocols. Addressing these limitations through interdisciplinary collaboration and targeted research is essential for broader adoption. Overall, 3D bioprinting represents a transformative innovation with the potential to improve investigative precision, legal transparency, and forensic education....
The ingestion of metal particles or fumes poses a significant threat to human health, with prolonged exposure potentially causing a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and other adverse health effects. This study investigated the protective effects of ethanol tuber extract of Cyperus esculentus (ETECE) against arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced gastrotoxicity in Wistar rats. A total of 49 adult Wistar rats (n=7) were randomly assigned to seven groups: Groups A (control), B (10 mg/kg body weight (bw) of ATO only), C (200 mg/kg bw of ETECE + ATO), D (400 mg/kg bw of ETECE + ATO), E and F (200 and 400 mg/kg bw of ETECE respectively) and G (ATO + 100 mg/kg bw of Vitamin C). Following 60 days of administration, the animals were humanely euthanized. Blood and stomach tissue were collected for oxidative stress and histopathological analyses respectively. Arsenic trioxide caused significant decreases in glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels, increased malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.05), and widespread gastric mucosal necrosis and significant infiltration of inflammatory cells. Treatment with ETECE significantly improved the oxidative stress markers, while treatment with 400 mg/kg bw of ETECE substantially alleviated the detrimental histological effects. The findings of this study suggest that ETECE, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, exerts a protective effect against ATO-induced gastrotoxicity in adult Wistar rats, highlighting its potential as a gastroprotective agent at this dose....
The ovary is a vital organ in the female reproductive system, responsible for housing follicles, which contain oocytes essential for procreation. Although many studies have examined specific aspects of ovarian development in Wistar rats, there is a need to compare microanatomical features of the Wistar rat ovary across developmental stages. This study provides comparative microscopic details of the ovary across three key developmental stages: pre-puberty, puberty, and pregnancy. A total of twenty Wistar rats were procured. Three of the female rats gave birth; their pups were nurtured and then assigned to the pre-pubertal and pubertal groups. Ovarian tissues were collected at day 21, post-vaginal opening, and designated gestational days. Pre-pubertal ovaries were predominantly composed of primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles, with the absence of corpora luteum or pre-ovulatory follicles; the stroma was dense, cellular, showing spindle to plump cells with oval nuclei. In contrast, pubertal ovaries exhibited a full spectrum of follicular development, presence of pre-ovulatory follicles and corpora lutea indicative of ovulation; the stroma was loose and showed predominance of plump cells. During pregnancy, the ovarian structure was characterized by large corpora lutea occupying most of the ovarian space, accompanied by reduced folliculogenesis and pronounced vascular expansion. The corpora lutea cells were large, polygonal; their cytoplasm was abundant, eosinophilic to clear, and varied from granular to vacuolated as the pregnancy progressed. This study highlights changes in the histoarchitecture and cytoarchitecture of the ovary across the three main developmental stages of female reproductive life....
The prefrontal cortex regulates executive functions, including decision-making, emotion regulation, and behavior. Environmental toxicants like di-butyl phthalate (DBP), a commonly used plasticizer, have been implicated in oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction. This research explored the protective role of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) against DBP-induced neurotoxicity in the prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats. Forty rats were randomly assigned into five groups: control, NSO only (2 mL/kg b.w.), DBP only (500 mg/kg b.w.), DBP + NSO, and DBP withdrawal. Treatments were administered orally for 35 days, except the withdrawal group, which received DBP for 21 days followed by no treatment. Behavioral performance was evaluated using the open field test. Prefrontal cortex weights were recorded, and oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase, were assessed in tissue homogenates. Histological analysis was performed using cresyl violet staining. DBP administration caused significant reductions in body and brain weights, impaired exploratory behavior, increased MDA, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and induced neuronal degeneration. Co-administration of NSO preserved body and brain weights, improved behavioral outcomes, restored oxidative balance, and maintained normal neuronal architecture, while DBP withdrawal showed partial but incomplete recovery. These results demonstrated that NSO protected the neurons in the prefrontal cortex from the toxic effects of DBP. This was primarily due to its antioxidant action. Therefore, NSO can be considered a natural therapeutic agent against environmental neurotoxins....
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition among older men, often accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction that impair quality of life. Although surgical and pharmaceutical options exist, limited research has explored alternative therapies such as Polyalthia longifolia. This study investigated the effects of ethanolic seed extracts of P. longifolia on experimentally induced prostate enlargement in adult male Wistar rats. Twenty mature rats were acclimatised for two weeks and then divided into four groups. BPH was induced in groups 1–3 using subcutaneous testosterone (2.5 mg/kg bw) and ethinylestradiol (0.5 mg/kg bw) on alternate days for two weeks. By week three, treatment was commenced: Group 1 - high dose received 2.5 ml/kg bw of P. longifolia ethanolic extract (PLEE), Group 2 -low dose 1.25 ml/kg bw PLEE, Group 3- treated control, and Group 4- normal control received distilled water. After two weeks of treatment, prostate and testis tissues were excised for histology, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Hormonal induction significantly increased prostate and seminal vesicle weight while reducing testicular weight and sperm count (p ? 0.05). Treatment with P. longifolia extract reduced prostate epithelial and acinar structures in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis revealed widening of prostatic acini, reduced epithelial thickness, and improved concretions. Additionally, extract administration modulated lipid profiles and increased serum protein levels. In conclusion, ethanolic extracts of P. longifolia seeds demonstrated therapeutic potential against BPH, alleviating prostate enlargement and histopathological changes in a dose-dependent fashion, warranting further clinical investigation....
Di-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a widely distributed environmental toxicant known to compromise male reproductive function through oxidative and inflammatory damage to testicular tissue. Nigella sativa oil (NSO), a natural compound with established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective agent against such toxicity. This study investigated the protective effects of NSO on DBP-induced testicular injury in adult male Wistar rats. Forty rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, NSO-only (2 mL/kg), DBP-only (500 mg/kg), NSO plus DBP, and DBP withdrawal. Treatments were administered for 35 days. Testicular histomorphology was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid–Schiff staining, while oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione), inflammatory markers (myeloperoxidase, interleukin-10), and reproductive hormones (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone) were quantified. DBP exposure resulted in severe testicular degeneration, including seminiferous tubular disruption, germ cell loss, and basement membrane thickening, accompanied by increased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels, reduced glutathione peroxidase and interleukin-10, and altered antioxidant balance (p < 0.05). Co-administration of NSO significantly attenuated these changes by preserving testicular architecture, reducing oxidative and inflammatory markers, and enhancing antioxidant defenses. Testosterone levels were significantly elevated in the NSO-treated group compared with controls, while luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones remained unchanged. Although DBP withdrawal led to partial recovery, residual oxidative and inflammatory damage persisted. These findings revealed that NSO demonstrates significant protective potential against DBP-induced testicular toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hormonal modulatory mechanisms....
Methamphetamine abuse is recognized as a significant global health problem. In this study, the protective effects of melatonin on methamphetamine-induced nephrotoxicity were investigated in adult male Wistar rats. 32 adult male rats were divided into four groups of 8 rats per group as follows; group I was administered 0.5 ml/kg of Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), group II was given 20 g/kg of Methamphetamine (METH); group III was administered 10 mg/kg of melatonin (MLT); and group IV took 20 mg/kg of methamphetamine followed by 10 mg/kg of melatonin. The treatment was administered over 21 days via an oral cannula. After the experiment, the animals were euthanized with 20 mg/kg of intramuscular ketamine, and then perfusion fixation was carried out for rats that were used for histological analysis. Cervical dislocation was used for rats that were used for biochemical assay for oxidative stress markers analysis, and blood serum was used for kidney function tests. The results showed that METH decreased SOD and GPx activities but increased MDA concentration. Also, there was an increased level of creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium concentrations following METH exposure. Severe kidney damage was revealed by histological analysis. Melatonin enhanced SOD and GPx activities, decreased MDA concentration, and improved kidney function, and kidney cytoarchitecture was restored. Conclusion: Melatonin showed an antioxidant effect against methamphetamine-induced nephrotoxicity and improved kidney functions in rats....
The discharge of rice husk ash dust (RHAD) into the air by rice mills caused air pollution with health implications. This industrial process has resulted in various diseases including chronic obstructive respiratory system, rhinitis, cough etc. This study assessed the effects of RHAD exposure on haematological, biochemical and histology of the spleen and kidneys in Wistar rats. A total of 30 rats were grouped into six. Groups I, II, and III served as controls. Groups IV, V and VI served as treatments, exposed to the RHAD daily by inhalation for 14, 28 and 56 days, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples collected for kidney function test and haematological parameters. Kidneys and spleen were harvested, processed and stained with H and E stains for light microscopy. Data obtained were analysed using statistical software (Graph Pad Prism, v.9). Alterations were observed in some differential leucocyte counts, total leucocyte count (TLC) and packed cell volume (PCV). Kidney serum proteins showed changes in urea and creatinine levels, histological changes, were also observed. Rice husk ash dust results in alterations of haematological, biochemical and histology of the spleen and kidney....
Globally, there has been a rise in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), impacting nearly one in every 160 children. However, its prevalence in many low- and middle-income countries remains uncertain. Although ASD has been connected to various bodily characteristics, its link to digits has been scarcely explored, particularly among the Hausa population. This study aimed to compare 2D and 4D digits between individuals with ASD and controls in the Hausa population of Kano State, Nigeria. The study was a cross-sectional comparative study, and using convenience sampling, 48 students aged 8 to 19 years (24 with ASD and 24 controls) participated in the study. Direct anthropometric measurements of the second (2D) and fourth digits (4D) of both hands were taken, and the digit ratios were calculated accordingly. Normality of data distribution was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, while independent sample t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare means between groups. Results showed that although ASD participants generally had higher mean 2D and 4D lengths of both hands, no significant differences were observed in the 2D:4D ratios between ASD and control groups overall. However, when stratified by sex using independent sample t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests, males with ASD exhibited a significantly greater right 2D length compared to controls (P = 0.030). No significant sexual dimorphism was found within the digit parameters of either group. This study suggests that while digit lengths may differ in males with ASD, the 2D:4D digit ratio may not be a distinguishing marker for ASD in this population....
Accurate determination of the postmortem interval (PMI) remains problematic in forensic investigations due to the complexity of biological and environmental factors that influence tissue decomposition. This study conducted a comparative histotaphonomic analysis of splenic and pulmonary tissues in porcine models to evaluate their reliability as biological indicators for PMI estimation. Sixteen (16) healthy domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were humanely euthanized, and spleen and lung tissues were harvested and maintained under specified conditions to decompose over five days. Tissue samples were collected at 0, 2, 6, and 10 hours postmortem on Day 1, and daily from Days 2 to 5, fixed in Bouin’s solution, and stained using histological assessment performed using Hematoxylin–Eosin (H&E) and Masson’s Trichrome (MT). At 0–2 hours postmortem, the spleen showed intact white and red pulps, while the lungs showed well-defined alveolar sacs and bronchioles. Early autolytic changes, including nuclear shrinkage and mild structural disorganization, appeared by 6–10 hours. By Day 2, both organs demonstrated marked cellular degradation, with the spleen showing nuclear loss and matrix disorganization and the lungs exhibiting alveolar collapse and epithelial pyknosis. MT staining revealed progressive collagen degradation and connective tissue atrophy from Day 3 onward, with more pronounced changes in the lungs. By Day 5, both organs showed advanced decomposition with complete architectural collapse. Overall, the lungs decomposed faster than the spleen, suggesting greater usefulness of pulmonary tissues for early PMI estimation, whereas splenic tissues serve as a more reliable indicator during later stages of decomposition....
Neuroanatomy education relies heavily on cadaveric specimens, histological slides, and two-dimensional illustrations, which are limited by scarcity, lack of durability, and insufficient visualization of three-dimensional neuronal structures. To address these limitations, this study aimed to develop a flexible, transparent, and durable three-dimensional model of a neuron, incorporating labeled subcellular components, for hands-on neuroanatomy teaching. A master prototype of a neuron was first created on a polystyrene board, representing the cell body, axon, dendrites, and axon terminals. Silicone rubber molds were then prepared from the prototype, and epoxy resin casting was employed to fabricate the transparent cell body. Subcellular organelles—including the nucleus, mitochondria, and Nissl bodies—were modeled using colored polymer clay and embedded within the cell body. Axons and dendrites were constructed using pigment-coated wool threads and copper wire, while the myelin sheath was fabricated via a silicone mold and epoxy resin, with grooves simulating Schwann cell attachment sites. The assembled neuron model demonstrated clear visualization of all components, with excellent flexibility, transparency, and durability. The embedded organelles were distinctly visible, and color-coded labeling facilitated easy identification of neuronal structures. Compared to traditional teaching resources, this model offers a multi-scale, hands-on tool for understanding neuronal morphology, axonal and dendritic organization, and subcellular architecture. By combining cost-effective materials, reproducible fabrication techniques, and anatomical accuracy, the model represents a novel contribution to neuroanatomy education. This approach can be extended to fabricate other cellular or tissue models, providing a practical, durable, and pedagogically effective alternative for neuroscience teaching and research training....
The frequency of liver injury is rising universally due to the leisure and societal acceptance of ethanol (EtOH) consumption. Enzymes that break down ethanol are primarily found in the liver, as such, the effects of long-time ethanol drinking cause a more serious effect on the liver as opposed to other body parts like the heart, brain, and gastrointestinal organs. Ethanol-induced hepatic injury occurs through oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and inflammation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of ß, ?-Carotene-3,3’-diol on the hepatotoxicity induced by EtOH in Wistar rats. A total of 48 Wistar rats were purchased and randomly split into six distinct groups (n=8): Oral administration was carried out using oral cannula. The control group was Group A, Group B = EtOH-only, and Group C = EtOH, + ß, Epsilon-Carotene-3,3’-diol at 10 mg/kg, group D = EtOH, + ß, Epsilon-Carotene-3,3’-diol at 20 mg/kg, group E = EtO.H, + ß, Epsilon-Carot.ene-3,3’-diol at 40 mg/kg, and group F = EtOH + Silymarin 200 mg/kg. At sacrifice, blood samples were collected to determine antioxidant activity by assaying for superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. The total protein level, malondialdehyde and the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) was evaluated for the effects of EtOH on inflammation and lipid peroxidation. The results showed ethanol caused macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis. EtOH caused an increase in MDA and TNF-? concentration, and a reduction in catalase, SOD, and TP level. Remedy with ß, Epsilon-Carot.ene-3,3’-diol after ethanol-influenced hepatoxicity highlights its ameliorative ability in a dose-reliance pattern....
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in physical, cognitive, and psychological challenges. Among these, learned helplessness, a perceived lack of control, and diminished personal agency can hinder rehabilitation engagement and recovery. Despite its significance, evidence on learned helplessness among stroke survivors in Nigeria is limited. This study examined the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of learned helplessness among stroke survivors receiving rehabilitation at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed the Learned Helplessness Scale and provided socio-demographic information. Findings revealed a moderate prevalence of learned helplessness, characterized by reduced perceived control, lower task persistence, and attributions of failure to personal ability, while some aspects of agency remained intact. Regression analyses identified sex as the only significant predictor, with male survivors exhibiting higher helplessness than females; age and educational level showed no significant effect. These results highlighted the selective nature of learned helplessness and underscore the importance of gender-sensitive psychological interventions in stroke rehabilitation. It is recommended that psychological screening be routinely integrated into stroke rehabilitation programs and that targeted interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, psycho-education, and resilience-building strategies, be incorporated to enhance self-efficacy, strengthen adaptive coping, and improve adherence to rehabilitation, ultimately promoting better functional recovery outcomes....
Acacia nilotica pods are extensively used in Northern Nigeria for treating reproductive disorders, yet their morphological effects on female reproductive organs remain poorly characterized. This study evaluated dose-dependent histological changes in ovarian and uterine tissues following repeated oral administration. Fifty adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=10): control (normal saline), three treatment groups (125, 250, 500 mg/kg for 28 days), and one recovery group (500 mg/kg for 28 days followed by 14-day withdrawal). Ovaries and uterine horns were examined histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining with semi-quantitative follicular assessment. Ovarian and uterine horn weights remained unchanged across groups (p>0.05), except for modest uterine horn index elevation at 250 and 500 mg/kg (p...
Craniofacial anthropometry has important applications in forensic science, clinical practice, and biological profiling. Nasal morphology varies across populations and is influenced by genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Somatotype is also an important tool for describing body composition and structural variation. Although numerous studies have investigated nasal anthropometry and somatotypes independently, there is limited data on the relationship between nasal anthropometry and somatotypes among adolescents. The study aimed to determine the relationship between nasal anthropometry and somatotypes among Hausa adolescents in Kano State. The study was conducted among adolescents selected from schools within the Kano metropolis using a random sampling. A total of 392 male and female participants were recruited. Sex differences in somatotypes and nasal variables were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman’s correlation analysis was applied to determine associations between somatotypes and nasal anthropometry, while linear regression was used to predict somatotypes from nasal parameters. Statistical significance was set at p...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease marked by sustained hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Central to its pathogenesis is damage to pancreatic ?-cells, prompting interest in natural agents capable of protecting or restoring pancreatic structure and function. This study evaluated the histological effects of matured coconut water (MCW) on the pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Twenty healthy adult male Wistar rats (150–200 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with matured coconut water, and diabetic treated with insulin. Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/kg body weight. Fresh matured coconut water from coconuts aged seven to eight months was administered freely to the treatment group for three weeks. At the end of the experiment, pancreatic tissues were harvested, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and processed for histological analysis using Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson’s Trichrome stains. Histological findings revealed severe pancreatic damage in the diabetic control group, including acinar atrophy, cellular degeneration, vacuolization, and disrupted islets of Langerhans. In contrast, rats treated with matured coconut water showed improved cellular architecture, reduced vacuolization, and partial restoration of normal pancreatic organization, comparable to insulin-treated animals. These findings suggest that matured coconut water possesses protective and regenerative effects on pancreatic tissue, likely due to its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties, and may serve as a supportive natural supplement in diabetes management....
The comorbidity of epilepsy with exposure to cypermethrin may exacerbate neuropathology and compromise treatment outcomes. This study investigated the synergistic neurotoxic effects of pentylenetetrazole and cypermethrin on the amygdala and evaluated the neuroprotective potential of valproic acid (VPA) and vitamin E (Vit E). In the first phase, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=9): control (corn oil), cypermethrin (4.4 mg/kg, oral), pentylenetetrazole (35 mg/kg, i.p.), and cypermethrin + pentylenetetrazole. In the second phase, four groups (n=9) received cypermethrin + pentylenetetrazole and were co-treated with VPA (100 mg/kg), Vit E (100 mg/kg), or VPA+Vit E. Amygdala tissues were analyzed for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels, neuronal morphology (H&E), GABAergic interneuron density (parvalbumin, PV), microglial activation (Iba-1), and astrogliosis (GFAP) using immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. Combined cypermethrin + pentylenetetrazole exposure increased brain COX-2 levels and significantly reduced the density of PV+ GABAergic interneurons and healthy neurons (H&E) in the amygdala, accompanied by a trend towards increased gliosis (GFAP, Iba-1). In the intervention phase, VPA treatment alone significantly reduced body weight. While Vit E alone modestly reduced COX-2, the combination of VPA and Vit E most effectively restored PV+ and H&E-stained cell counts and attenuated GFAP expression, suggesting enhanced neuroprotection and reduced astrogliosis. The VPA+Vit E combination also mitigated the body weight loss associated with VPA monotherapy. Cypermethrin exposure exacerbates pentylenetetrazole-induced GABAergic interneuron loss, microgliosis, and astroglyosis in the amygdala. Combined antiepileptic drug and antioxidant supplement therapy offers superior neuroprotection compared to monotherapy by ameliorating neuroinflammation, restoring inhibitory neuronal populations, and suppressing gliosis....
Sex-related differences in cardiac morphology may influence cardiovascular risk assessment. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), derived from posteroanterior chest radiographs, is commonly used to estimate cardiac size. This study examined sexual differences in CTR among hypertensive and non-hypertensive Berom adults in Jos-North, Plateau State, Nigeria. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 third-generation Berom adults aged 22–70 years: 30 hypertensive males, 30 hypertensive females, 30 non-hypertensive males, and 30 non-hypertensive females. Standard posteroanterior chest radiographs were obtained and CTR calculated as the ratio of transverse cardiac diameter to transverse thoracic diameter. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were recorded, and data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Hypertensive participants had higher mean CTR values than non-hypertensives. Hypertensive females showed the highest mean CTR (0.52 ± 0.02), while non-hypertensive females had the lowest (0.45 ± 0.04). Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of hypertension status on CTR (p < 0.05), whereas the interaction between sex and hypertension was not significant (p > 0.05). Hypertension is associated with increased CTR in this population, with relatively higher values among females. These findings underscore the importance of considering sex and hypertensive status when interpreting radiographic cardiac indices....
The study was designed to predict sex using hand and foot anthropometric variables among the Hausa ethnic group in Kano State, Nigeria. The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted on 444 participants (199 females and 245 males, age range: 11-26 years) across selected LGAs (Gwarzo, Gwale, and Kibiya) in Kano. Their height was measured using a stadiometer, and hand and foot dimensions were measured using a digital vernier calliper. Ink-soaked hand and footprints were printed on a plain sheet placed on a wooden platform, while hand and footprint dimensions were measured from the sheet. Descriptive statistics were computed to determine the mean ± SD. Sexual dimorphism was assessed using the independent t-test, and stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to predict sex. Most of the hand and foot variables are sexually dimorphic; males have significantly higher values in hand length, hand breadth, foot breadth, hand index, handprint length, handprint breadth, palmprint length, footprint length, footprint breadth, footprint heel breadth, mid footprint width, handprint index, and footprint index. In comparison, females have higher values of 2nd digit length, 3rd digit length, 4th digit length, 5th digit length, 2nd digit print length, and 2DP:4DP. Sex prediction using stepwise binary logistic regression indicated that palm length, 2nd digit length, hand breadth, and foot breadth were the best single predictors of sex, with an overall percentage accuracy of 75.6% and 76.3% in direct and print measurements, respectively. Therefore, hand and foot dimensions from either direct or indirect measurements can be used in sex prediction among the Hausa ethnic group in Kano....
Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21 is the most prevalent human chromosomal disorder with impact on multiple bodily systems. DS has been associated with a range of phenotypic effects, including altered physical characteristics. This study determined the anthropometric characteristics of children with Down syndrome in the tertiary health institutions in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of sixty (60) participants (children), between the ages of 2-18 years, were recruited for the study consisting of thirty (30) children with DS cases and thirty (30) normal (control; non-DS) children. All the participants were categorized into three age groups: 2-5 years, 6-10 years, and >10 years. Several anthropometric measurements were obtained from the participants which included head, body, hand and foot parameters, and some indices. Measured anthropometric characteristics were compared to the control group, and with respect to age categories. Results revealed significant (p...
Moringa oleifera, a plant of the moringa species, is known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. It is a major constituent of several polyherbal supplements, particularly consumed in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its extensive application in herbal medicines, there are still concerns regarding its safety. The aim of this mini-review is to report recent toxicological findings on the genus Moringa. Several studies have reported bioactive phytochemicals in moringa species, including alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and saponins. These constituents may exert protective, therapeutic, or deleterious effects in humans, depending primarily on concentration/dose and duration of exposure. Toxicodynamic studies revealed that the extract of Moringa oleifera inhibited cell proliferation; generated free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 in both liver cancer cells (HEPG2) and normal hepatocytes. Phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and tannins can cause hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity at high doses, due to the formation of nitriles that induce cellular oxidative stress. The toxicity of moringa has been linked to the presence of heavy metals, which can induce oxidative stress, enzyme inhibition, and neurotoxicity at high concentrations. In a case report, it was shown that Moringa oleifera caused toxicoderma in a 57-year-old woman. This was reversed by discontinuation of Moringa oleifera and the use of antihistamines. Despite these restrictions, it can be argued that the moringa species has low toxicity at lower doses, but it must be used with caution at higher doses. Further research on carcinogenicity and other drug-herb interactions is needed....
There is a growing global trend in infertility, with the majority of the burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Structural damage to the reproductive tract from infection and complications from unsafe procedures has been implicated. Hysterosalpingography is readily available and relatively affordable for assessing the degree of obstruction in these structures, and it remains a dependable tool despite the advent of more advanced radiological tests. The study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of hysterosalpingograms in women with infertility by assessing the structural abnormality of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the cervix at a public health institution in North Central Nigeria. A retrospective cross-sectional study evaluating the outcomes of hysterosalpingography (HSG) among infertile women attending the gynecological clinic of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) over 3 years, from January 2022 to December 2024. Relevant data were collected from available records, coded, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0, and the results were presented in frequency tables. During the period, 102 records of infertile women who underwent HSG were reviewed, with ages ranging from 21 to 45 years. The majority of women were married and nulliparous. About 52% had undergone previous surgery/procedures, and secondary infertility was more common than primary. Uterine fibroids (31.4%) were the most common finding on HSG; 27.5% had some form of tubal blockage, and 25.5% had pelvic adhesions. Hysterosalpingogram is a valuable diagnostic tool in infertility work-up, helping to identify possible etiologies and guide clinical decisions....
Heavy metal poisoning is a global challenge, causing a major threat to public health and safety. It captures specific regional and national problems, such as arsenic contamination in India and parts of Asia, and lead contamination in urban soils from road construction and related activities in both developing and developed countries. These metals are linked to several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. This review explores emerging trends in the incidence, routes of exposure, risk assessment, and management of heavy metal toxicity, with particular focus on vulnerable populations and geographic hotspots. New routes of exposure include the addition of mercury to skin-lightening creams, industrial emissions, contaminated nanomaterials, food and supplements contaminated with heavy metals, and inhalation of airborne particles from industrial activities such as rock blasting and waste incineration. These have increased exposure to these toxic metals at very harmful concentrations. Additionally, the influence of environmental factors such as climate change, advances in detection, and novel analytical techniques is being explored. The current review also highlights novel strategies for managing these toxicities in clinical and environmental settings. Strategies include optimized approaches in nanotechnology, e.g., coating nanoparticles with red blood cell membranes and loading them with di-mercaptosuccinic acid; the development of more targeted and effective chelating agents; phytotherapy; and nanotechnology-based detoxification through the microbial community. Overall, this review highlights the importance of scientific innovation, education, and environmental safety policies as tools for reducing the risks posed by exposure to toxic metals and ensuring the sustainable management of heavy metal poisoning....
Fetal cerebral ventricular dilatation, or ventriculomegaly, is a medical condition in which the cerebral ventricles are enlarged due to disruptions in cerebrospinal fluid circulation. It is primarily diagnosed through a routine obstetric ultrasound. Its etiologies are vast and are likely influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. It is classified into mild, moderate, or severe forms based on ventricular measurements, hence guiding prognosis and management. This case report details a case of fetal ventricular dilatation identified during routine obstetric ultrasound, when a 25-year-old woman came in for regular checkup of a 34-week pregnancy at the Radiology Department of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). Ultrasound was done and found an extensive ventricular dilation of both lateral ventricles (measuring 17.8 mm RT & 16.4 mm on the LT; values far above normal threshold) and the third ventricle, with displacement of brain matter inferiorly. No other structural anomalies were found in utero. Ultrasound remains a pivotal tool in the early detection and monitoring of ventriculomegaly. Key diagnostic parameters include lateral ventricle width and frontal sinus horn measurements. For further evaluation, a referral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recommended to determine underlying causes and refine management strategies. Accurate ultrasound measurements are essential for the classification as well as for the management of fetal ventriculomegaly. Additionally, early detection and thorough evaluation improve outcomes, particularly when coupled with follow-up imaging and multidisciplinary care. Continued technological advancements are proving to further refine diagnostic capabilities and optimize patient outcomes....