The current issue of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences has 32 peer-reviewed research articles that cut across different areas of Basic Medical Sciences, most especially Anatomical Sciences and the biography of our dear President-Professor Theresa B. Ekanem whose painful death is still being mourned by members of our March, 2021. society. We can only pray that God gives all members of our society, members of other academic and social groups she belongs as well as her family members the fortitude to bear the painful loss. On behalf of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences, I say thank you to all the Authors who contributed their valuable research articles to the current issue. In the same vein I say a special thank you to our colleagues whose selfless services in reviewing our articles at short notices have made the publication of the current issue possible. Lastly, I encourage our esteemed subscribers and authors to keep patronizing our journal as they are assured of our quality services. Please stay safe! <b>Prof. G.S. Oladipo</b> March, 2021. Editor-in-Chief. <b>OFFICERS OF THE ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF NIGERIA</b> President Prof. T.B. Ekanem Vice President Dr. A. Ayannuga Secretary General Dr. A. Danladi Assistance Secretary Dr. A.A. Sadeeq Treasurer Dr. E.A. Osunwoke Editor-in-Chief (JAS) Prof. G.S. Oladipo Editor (JAS) Dr. E.J. Olotu ...
Environmental pollution, stress, lifestyle, infections and several other factors are major aetiological factors of male infertility. To evaluate the effects of oral ingestion of aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove buds) on the seminiferous tubules, testicular histology, testosterone level and its effects on semen profile. Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats used for this study were divided into three groups; Group A- control (n=10), Groups B (n=5) and C (n=5) experimental groups treated with 200mg/kg b.w per day of crude extract of Syzygium aromaticum for 4 weeks and 8 weeks respectively via oral intubation. Testes stained for histological analysis, serum testosterone level and caudal epididymis excised for semen analysis using Neubauer Chamber. There was a statistical significant (P...
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. Cervical cancer screening tests are tests carried out to find cervical changes that may lead to cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the second commonest cancer in women worldwide and is nearly as common as breast cancer . It is one of the commonest cancers of Nigerian women. The prevention of cervical carcinoma relies on population screening for the early detection and appropriate management of its precursor lesions; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The objective of this study is to assess the level of awareness of occurrence of cervical cancer and availability of cervical cancer screening facilities in Ilorin, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) respondents were assessed with the use of questionnaires and the areas (Ilorin environs) covered include: Queen Elizabeth Secondary School, Kuntu, Agbo-Oba, Adabata, Okelele, Gaa-Akanbi, Ojatuntun, Adeta, Saw-mill, Asa-Dam Road, Ibrahim Taiwo Road, Oke-Oyi and Malete. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square test and significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Only 44.5% (89) of the respondents were aware of cervical cancer and 19.5% (39) were aware of cervical cancer screening tests. The awareness of cervical cancer and its screening tests were low in this study and these could be attributed to poor publicity, low level of education and occupation of the respondents. There is a statistical significant relationship between the level of education and occupation with the awareness of both cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening programmes. There is, therefore, the need for concerted efforts by relevant agents in the society to improve the awareness of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening in Ilorin....
Chrysophyllum albidum leave is one of the common folk medicinal plants used by some rural people in Nigeria. Its effects were study on sex hormones and the histology of the ovary of adult Sprague- Dawley rat. Fifteen female rats of 120-150g were used. The rats were grouped into three of five each. Group A was given distilled water, groups B and C received 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic leaf extract of C. albidum orally daily for 14 days respectively. Blood were collected for hormonal assays; the ovaries were excised and prepared histologically. A significant dose dependent (P>0.05) decreased in progesterone, estrogen, luteinizing hormone and FSH levels in all the treated groups were observed. Histologically, group B ovary had primary and secondary follicles while group C had atretic follicles, arrests at different phases of follicular development and in the medulla the vessels are not well defined. The weight of the heart, spleen, kidneys and pancreas of the rats were not affected. However, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the ovarian weight and increase in the weight of the liver in the treated groups when compared to the control was observed. C. albidum could retard folliculogenesis and delay ovarian follicle maturation. It is therefore; recommended to use it with caution if there is a reproductive issues....
Build-up of Aluminium within the brain can occur via different routes. Accumulation of aluminium in different forms have been known to trigger neuronal excitotoxicity and hence triggering apoptosis among neuronal cells. The aim of this study was to study the protective effects of eugenol on aluminium induced neurotoxicity on the cerebellum of adult Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats was divided into Four (4) groups namely: CTRL (2 ml/kg distilled water), AC (100 mg/kg aluminium chloride), EG (150 mg/kg eugenol) and EG+AC (150 mg/kg eugenol + 100 mg/kg aluminium chloride). All rats were treated for a duration of 21 days and on day 22 (24 hrs after last administration), they were sacrificed with 0.8 ml/kg of ketamine as anesthetizing agent. Administration of aluminium chloride resulted in cytoarchitectural distortion of purkinje cells, reduction in staining intensity of Nissl substance within purkinje cells using cresyl fast violet. However treatment with eugenol resulted in improved staining intensity using cresyl fast violet, hence preserved Nissl substance. The use of Congo red however did not however reveal any amyloidal plaques at the dose and duration of administration. Administration of aluminium chloride also resulted in a significant (p...
Alcohol is consumed worldwide as a drink by humans. Regular and unlimited use of alcohol leads to toxicity and alcohol-induced pathological problems and can constitute a menace in the society. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of chronic alcohol administration on antioxidant and histology of cerebral cortices in Wistar rats. Thirty-two (32) adult Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into 4 experimental groups with 8 animals (4 males and 4 females housed separately) in each group: Group 1 serve as control administered with 1 ml of distilled water, Group 2 was administered with 0.12g/kg, Group 3 was administered with 0.16g/kg and group 4 was administered with 0.24g/kg of alcohol respectively for 11 weeks orally. No significant difference was obtained between the control and the groups administered with alcohol in all the antioxidant markers in males and females Wistar rats and histological study revealed no histo-architecture distortion in the cerebral cortices of the treated group compared to control in male Wistar rats while distortion in the histo-architecture in the group 4(0.24g/kg bw of ethanol) compared to the control group in female Wistar rats. in conclusion, chronic daily oral administration of lose dose of alcohol does not significantly increase the production of reactive oxygen species which can cause oxidative damage in male and female Wistar rats. It also causes loss of neuronal processes of the cerebral cortices of female Wistar....
The location of the carotid arteries in neck and their important role in the blood supply to head and neck places them in the special interest of researchers, especially on their relationship with the size of the neck. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of the arterial diameters to neck circumference among Nigerian adults. A total of 104 human subjects with seemingly healthy parameters following screening were sampled. Using a measuring tape, neck circumferences were taken in centimeters. An EcoMed USS machine was used to scan both carotid triangles of all participants and luminal diameter measurements of common, internal and external carotid arteries were obtained. The results showed significant but weak positive correlations of neck circumference with right external carotid artery and left internal carotid artery in the males and only with the left external carotid artery in the females. However, no correlation with common carotid artery was noted. Although, neck circumference to a large extent can be used as a screener to determine overweight and obese individuals, its applicability to determine size of carotid artery diameter and predict cardiometabolic risk independently is doubtful. In addition, statistical significance may not be clinically applicable when the correlation is either weak or not uniform on all carotid arteries. From our index study, we believe that there is indication that neck circumference could be used for size determination of the carotid arteries among Nigerians, if all the compounding factors are known. Until then generalization is difficult. Therefore, there is need for further study using meta-analysis to arrive at a formula for Nigerians....
Chronic stress if not manage properly results to major depression disorder which has profound impact on individual's life quality and deeply related to suicide death worldwide. This serious mental disorder is closely linked to the hippocampus due to it functionality in the regulation of cortisol production. Abelmoschus Esculentus (A. Esculentus) possess polyphenols, terpenoid and polysaccharides, indication the presence of anti-stress and antioxidant activities. This study examine if A. Esculentus can ameliorate stress-induced damages on the structure and hippocampus associated function, using fluoxetine treatment as a baseline. Forty-eight young male Wistar rats (80 ± 10 g) were divided into 6 groups (n= 8). Group-A received feed and water only, Group-B received 300 mg/kg of A. Esculentus and Group-C received 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine, for 14 days respectively, while Group-D were stressed for a period of 21 days, Group-E were stressed for 21 days followed with 300 mg/kg of A. Esculentus for 14 days and F were stressed for 21 days followed with 10 mg/kg of Fluoxetine for 14 days after. Chronic stress exposure (group-D) significantly depleted final body weight and increased the brain weight. It reduced lines crossed and middle squares crossed performance, while it increased the number of unaided rearing and immobility time performance significantly. GPx1 was significantly down-regulated and GSR obviously reduced. Further, it is noteworthy that chronic stress exposure caused histopathological changes in the hippocampus CA-1 area, presenting neurons with disorganized arrangement, apoptotic-like appearance, as well as shrunken and condensed cytoplasm. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining demonstrated astrogliosis and KI-67 expression revealed high reduction in the degree of cell proliferation. Thus, treatment with A. Esculentus improved hippocampal integrity by inhibiting the underlying mechanisms of stress induced damages in this study. Conclusively, our findings put A. Esculentus as a potential target for tackling stress-induced depression....
Dermatoglyphics is a term used to describe the epidermal ridge configuration found on the skin surfaces of the digits, palms, toes and soles of the feet. Prints of these ridge patterns are important for identification of an individual's true identity. The present study evaluates the relationship between palmar dermatoglyphics patterns in blood group ABO among students in Madonna university Elele campus, Rivers state. A total number of 200 human subjects, 100 males and 100 females with an age range of 18-25 years were included in this study. Dermatoglyphics of the digital and palmar areas were determined using a classical scanner type, Hp G3110 Scanjet Scanner (9000x4800 dpi resolution). Before printing electric power was switched on so as to power the laptop and the scanner, the subject's data were taken on a plain paper; these include tag number which replaces the subject's name (example TGM for the male students, TGF for the female students), gender and age. The data obtained was analyzed statistically and the percentage frequency was used. This study reveals that most of the Subjects belonged to O blood group (59%) followed by blood group A (20%), B (17.5%) and AB (3.5%). The result of this study revealed association between dermatoglyphic, blood group and sex....
Selectively reduced complex IV activity which causes inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain produces free radicals, diminishes aerobic energy metabolism and causes excitotoxic damage to neurons, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the putative therapeutic role of riboceine (Ribcys) against sodium azide induced Cytochrome oxidase inhibition in the hippocampus. A total number of thirty five rats were used. They were randomly distributed into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) with seven animals each (n = 7). Cytochrome oxidase inhibition was induced by treatment with 17mg/kg of NaN Group A received only distilled water. Group B were 3. treated with 17mg/kg of NaN for 28 days. Group C were treated with 17mg/kg body weight of NaN (28 days) 3 3 followed by 100mg/kg body weight of Riboceine for 21 days. Group D were pre-treated with 100mg/kg of Riboceine for 21 days followed by 17mg/kg of NaN for 28 days. Group E were treated with 100mg/kg of Riboceine 3 for 21 days. Thereafter, elevated plus maze was used to determine the level of anxiety in the animals. The animals were sacrificed and histological demonstration of the hippocampus and colorimetric determination of oxidative stress were performed. NaN induced cytochrome oxidase inhibition showed increased lipid peroxidation (p...
The shape of the eyebrow and upper eyelid are distinctive facial landmarks. In cosmetic and reconstructive operations, maintenance of the anatomical relations of these landmarks ensures a pleasing postoperative appearance. The appearance of eyebrows and eyelids plays a major part in ethnic identification. This study hopes to provide a guideline for the plastic surgeons which can be used as a reference for assessment of the patients. These data can also be used to ensure a pleasing postoperative appearance in the area of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. For this particular project, the focus is to establish a reference eyelid anatomical data for the Nigerian students and pupils. Ninety (90) subjects comprising of thirty (30) from primary, thirty (30) from secondary and thirty (30) from the university levels, each level consisting of fifteen (15) males and fifteen (15) females. Photographs of the faces were taken with a ruler placed on the forehead and the following parameters were measured: widths of palpebral fissures of both eyes, heights of palpebral fissures of both eyes; heights of both upper eyelids; intercanthal distances between both medial canthi and interpupillary distances between both pupils. The results for primary school females' widths of palpebral fissures of left eyes (WPL), widths of palpebral fissure of right eyes (WPR), vertical dimensions of palpebral fissures of left eyes (VPL), vertical dimensions of the palpebral fissures of right eyes (VPR), heights of left upper eyelids (HLUE), heights of right upper eyelids (HRUE), intercanthal distances (ICD) and interpupillary distances (IPD) were respectively 2.1933 ± 0.1534cm; 2.3067 ± 0.1831cm; 1.4733 ± 0.1831cm; 0.5667 ± 0.1234cm; 0.5867 ± 0.1407cm; 3.0467 ± 0.3067cm; 5.1400 ± 0.3269cm. The results for primary school males' WPL, WPR, VPL, VPR, HLUE, HRUE, ICD and IPD were respectively 2.28 ± 0.1656cm; 2.4333 ± 0.1234cm; 1.4533 ± 0.1598cm; 1.4467 ± 0.1552cm; 0.5733 ± 0.8837cm; 0.5733 ± 0.8837cm; 3.1067 ± 0.3634cm; 5.3333 ± 0.2320cm. The results for secondary school females' WPL, WPR, VPL, VPR, HLUE, HRUE, ICD and IPD were respectively 2.4400 ± 0.1957cm; 2.5133 ± 0.1767cm; 1.3 ± 0.3185cm; 1.3267 ± 0.2939cm; 0.6467 ± 0.1187cm; 0.6400 ± 0.1352cm; 3.08 ± 0.361cm; 5.4067 ± 0.5239cm. The results for secondary school males' WPL, WPR, VPL, VPR, HLUE, HRUE, ICD and ICD were respectively 2.3939 ± 0.2017cm; 2.4400 ± 0.1765cm; 1.1600 ± 0.3291cm; 1.1733 ± 0.3369cm; 0.5833 ± 0.2187cm; 0.5733 ± 0.1907cm; 3.3733 ± 0.2890cm; 5.6800 ± 0.4693cm. The results for University females' WPL, WPR, VPL, VPR, HLUE, HRUE, ICD and IPD were respectively 2.5733 ± 0.2017cm; 2.6667 ± 0.2257cm; 1.3067 ± 0.1668cm; 1.2667 ± 0.1839cm; 0.7200 ± 0.1959cm; 0.7133 ± 0.1959cm; 3.3333 ± 0.2637cm; 6.0067 ± 0.2604cm. The results for University males' WPL, WPR, VPL, VPR, HLUE, HRUE, ICD and IPD were respectively 2.6067 ± 0.1944cm; 2.7267 ± 0.2658cm; 1.2000 ± 0.2390cm; 1.2000 ± 0.2390cm; 0.6400m ± 0.2028cm; 0.6200 ± 0.2242cm; 3.2333 ± 0.3374cm; 5.9467 ± 0.5330cm. Analysis of the results was done using independent t-test of all the parameters between two defined groups. This test was carried out using Medcalc, a software of medical statistics calculator.Analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the structures of both eyes regardless of the age or sex. It also showed that as an individual grows and moves from primary school through the secondary to the University, there are increases in various parameters of the eyes such as width of palpebral fissure, Intercanthal distance, Interpupillary distance, vertical dimensions of the palpebral fissure, while in early stages from growth from 8 yrs to 16 yrs mostly in females, there is reduction in the height of the upper eyelids. With the result of this study I conclude that with age, no differentiation is created between both eyes in both genders and as a child grows and moves through the education system in Nigeria, there is an increase in the size of the palpebral fissures....
Mercury toxicity has been reported to cause distortion of gait and motor co-ordination due to deficit in the activity of cerebellum. Chelation therapy used in heavy metal toxicity is expensive and has been associated with adverse side effects. Therefore, the present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves on the Cerebellar cortex of adult male Wistar rats treated with Mercuric Chloride. Twenty adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as control and received 1 ml/kg of distilled water, Group 2 received 41.5 mg/kg of Mercuric chloride and 1ml/kg of distilled water, Group 3 received 41.5 mg/kg of Mercuric chloride and 500mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves and Group 4 received 41.5 mg/kg of Mercuric chloride and 1000 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. Motor coordination was evaluated in experimental animals using beam walking test. At the end of the experiment, brain tissues were carefully harvested and fixed in Bouin's fluid, processed and stained for histological studies. The result revealed a significant increase (p...
Spinal curvature is one of the most significant spine parameters for the evaluation of spinal deformities, providing support to various spine-related clinical measurements and image processing techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine normative reference values of the Cervical Spine Curvature Index in apparently healthy Nigerians and determine if the parameter has sex- discriminating attributes. The study was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 100 (62 males, 38 females) apparently healthy volunteers which underwent simple radiography of the lateral cervical spine. The radiographic data of interest, cervical curvature index was measured using digital tools. The result showed the mean cervical curvature of index to be 24.58±8.01 (%), 23.32±7.59 for males and 26.63±8.36 for females. It also exhibited sex-discriminating attribute. This study was able to establish reference normative values for the Cervical curvature index for the Nigerian population, a useful parameter in clinical and forensic science....
The medicinal and therapeutic effects of Aloe Vera has been widely studied. This study investigated the effects of Aloe Vera leaf gel (AVG) on semen parameters and reproductive hormone of Wister rats. Twenty adult male wister rats weighing 120-150grams were divided into 4 groups. Group A received feed and distilled water, Group B, C and D received oral doses of 100mg/kg b.wt. of Aluminium chloride (AlCl ), 100mg/kg b.wt. of Aluminium chloride 3 and 600mg\kg b.wt. of aloe vera extract, 100mg/kg b.wt. of Aluminium chloride and 5mg/kg b.wt. of vitamin C respectively for 30 days. The rats were sacrificed on the 30th day, the testes excised, and processed for histological and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the administration of AVG tends to ameliorate the testicular cytoarchitectural and histomorphological distortion in rats induced with AlCl at the same time significantly 3 enhancing the level of reproductive hormone. Conclusively, AVG offers antioxative effect on the testes by protecting the structural integrity of the testes as well as improving the reproductive hormones...
Estimation of the stature from long bones and sex differences has valuable impact in various medico-legal investigations. Differences in stature and bone dimensions exist between populations as a result of genetic differences, isolation, differences in bio-cultural history, geographical climate and nutrition. This study investigated the relationship between landmark dimensions of the radius and its length using bones and radiograph samples in adult Nigerian population and determines the most reliable dimension for predicting the length of radius. The anatomically defined anthropometric measurements taken on the bone were maximum length of radius, sagittal diameter at mid-shaft, transverse diameter at mid-shaft, vertical radial head height, maximum head diameter, minimum head diameter, circumference of the radial head, circumference at the tuberosity, distal breadth. On the radiographs, the maximum length of radius, transverse diameter at mid-shaft, vertical radial head height, diameter at the tuberosity and distal breadth were taken. All the dimensions showed statistical significant positive correlation with the length of radius except the distal breadth. Males showed higher mean length compared to females. The most reliable dimension for predicting radial length was the vertical radial head height and the transverse diameter at mid-shaft. Regression equations were developed for estimating radial length from the highly correlated parameters....
Lead is a highly toxic substance, exposure to which can produce a wide range of adverse health effects on humans including neurological conditions. Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) is of vast medicinal and nutritious values. This study assessed the neuroprotective effect of methanol fruit pulp extract of Phoenix dactylifera (MFPD) following lead acetate (PbA)-triggered cerebellar changes in Wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into six groups (n=4): Control group administered distilled water (2ml/kg); PbA (120mg/kg) group; Vitamin C (100mg/kg)+PbA group; MFPD (250 mg/kg)+PbA group, MFPD (500mg/kg)+PbA group and MFPD (1000mg/kg)+PbA group. Treatments were via oral route for a period of 14 days. Neuroprotective property of MFPD was evaluated using neurobehavioral assessment (beam walking performance for motor coordination and balance) and microscopic examination of cerebellar cortex applying histological and histochemical staining techniques and quantification of Nissl substance distribution (NSD) using a computer running image analysis software (ImageJ, NIH, US). In PbA-treated group, results revealed neurodegenerative changes as remarkable (p...
Since stature is being considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification, it is therefore necessary to reconstruct the other body parts for the prediction of human height, to be used in the case of dismembered body, mutilated body or in disease affected body. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of hand length with height in human subjects; and to see if height could be predicted using hand length measurement among the Ibibio people. 300 subjects (150 males and 150 females) of Ibibio people of Akwa Ibom State – also known as the Ibibio proper or the Eastern Ibibio, within the age range of 18-30 years were used for this study. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. The relationships between height and hand length were determined using Simple Correlation Coefficient with 95% confidence interval. P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Regression equations were drawn using linear regression statistics. The results showed mean value of height in males to be 169.78cm while the mean value of male left and right hand were 156.85mm and 156.68mm respectively. The mean value of height in females was 165.07cm and the mean values for the female left and right hands were 154.55mm and 154.44mm respectively. The results showed a highly positive significant correlation between Height and Hand length of both left and right hands (P...
Hyperlipidaemia also called high cholesterol level is an important cause of adverse health outcomes including cardiovascular complications, obesity, metabolic disorders, infertility. Date fruit is rich in phytochemicals such as carotenoids, polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, isoflavons, lignans, and flavonoids), tannins, and sterols. Thus with protective effect potential on hyperlipidemia. the study is design to investigate whether date palm have protective effect on margarine induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Thirty adult wistar rats weighing between 175-220g were used for this experiment. animals were divided into six groups of five rats each. group a served as control, group b was administered with margarine only. Groups C, D and E administered with margarine plus different doses of date palm extract (300, 6000 and 1200mg/kg body weight) whilst group F was administered with margarine and standard drug (atorvastatin) for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, the wistar rats were weighed then anesthetized using chloroform. Blood tissue was collected from abdominal aorta for lipid profile analysis and differential blood count. There was significant reduction in the level of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein in groups treated with different doses of date palm extracts plus margarine compared with hyperlipidermic rats (group B). This may be due to date palm anti- hypolipidermic properties. There was an observable change in haematological parameters in some of the groups, the histopathological analysis revealed a normal myocardial, interstitial spaces and coronary vessels in all the treated groups compared to hyperlipidermic rats (group B). Date palm shows a protective effect in hyperlipidermic rats induced with margarine, thus, date palm possesses a significant anti-hyperlipidermic effect....
Pupillary distance (PD) or inter-pupillary distance (IPD) is the distance measured in millimeters between the centers of the pupils of the eyes. The present study evaluates the inter-pupillary distances amongst Madonna University undergraduates of Igbo origin. The sample size comprised of 125 Igbo males and 125 Igbo females which comprised only of young adults (18-25years). The modified Viktorin's method was used in the study. Measurements of interpupillary distances were taken by the use of a millimeter inter-pupillary distance ruler. This can be observed from figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The male mean value 36.53 was significantly higher than the female value 32:65 for the FIPD (far inter-pupillary distances). The difference between the NIDP (near inter-pupillary distances) and FIDP (Far inter-pupillary distances) was statistically significant in all particular age groups of either sex. The overall anatomical far inter-pupillary distance (FIPD) for the males was, on the average, wider than the near inter-pupillary distance (NIPD), with a difference of 6.7 mm in males and 5.6 mm in females. This study has established that there is a significant difference between the inter-pupillary distances among the Igbo male and female students of Madonna University, Elele campus, Rivers state, Nigeria...
Lead acetate is one of many compounds of lead. This study examined the effects chronic administration of lead acetate on the histology of the cerebellum. Twenty (20) adult Wistar rats of both sexes of weight ranging between 100 g – 150 g were used for the experiment. The animals were kept in the animal house and randomized into four groups: A, B and C served as the experimental groups while D served as the control group. The animals received rat chow and distilled water ad libitum. Groups A, B, and C received in addition to their distilled water and feed, a solution containing 30 g of lead acetate readily dissolved in 1litre of distilled water via oral administration at different doses of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg per body weight for 21 days respectively. On day 22 of the experiment, the animals were euthanized with ketamine hydrochloride and sacrificed by the cervical dislocation method. The cerebellum was carefully harvested and fixed in 10% formol calcium and routine tissue processing performed. Lead acetate administration significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the body weight of the animals and also induced histological alterations in the cell bodies of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex of the experimental groups relative to the control group. ...
A substantial body of literature have reported findings on facial symmetry and asymmetry and their role in human mate choice. However, major gaps persist, with nearly all data originating from the WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Developed) populations, and results remaining largely equivocal when compared across studies. The present study aimed at quantifying facial asymmetry from the 3D faces of the Hausa ethnic group of northern Nigeria and aimed at determining their perceptions and judgements of standardized facial images with different levels of asymmetry through rating. Ethical approval to scan the faces of the subjects was given by the University College London and Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using R-studio software and results indicated that males were 12% (0.35mm) & 15% (0.23mm) more asymmetric in the face and eye respectively than females (Face: 0.3mm & Eye: 0.20mm). Additionally, individual 3D facial scans with lower levels of facial asymmetry (near facial symmetry) were perceived as more attractive, more suitable as spouses and more caring, whereas those with higher levels of facial asymmetry were perceived as more aggressive. The study conclusively asserted that all faces are asymmetric and the preference for less asymmetric faces was not just dependent on single facial trait, but rather on multiple facial traits; thus the study suggests that physical attractiveness is not just an arbitrary social construct, but at least, in part, a clue to overall health and a possible pointer to environmental influence....
Annona muricata and Aloe barbadenis miller are multipurpose plants of great economic value, identified to contain different plant phytochemical and biological activities The aim is to study the mitigating effect of Annona muricata extract and aloe barbadenis miller gel on an aluminum induced hepatotoxicity on the Liver of an adult Wistar rat with the objectives on histology and Liver function enzymes. Twenty-five Wistar rats ranged (100-150g) were used, divided into five groups, with five rats in each group. In the course of this study twenty-five rats (100-150g) were divided into five groups and used, with five rats in each group. Group A: (control): received rats pellet and water. Group B: were given 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3. Group C: received 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3 and 3ml/kg/d of sour-sop. Group D: given 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3 and 3ml/kg/d of aloe vera. Group E: Received 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3 with 3ml/kg/d of sour-sop and 3ml/kg/d of aloe vera. The rats were weighed and sacrificed twenty-four hours after the last administration sedated with diethyl-ether and livers were autopsied. The histological observations revealed loss of normal liver architecture with hepatocyte that attained different shapes and dilated central vein in the aluminium group when compared with control group. However, treatment with annona muricata and aloe barbadenis miller attenuates the effect of AlCl . In liver function enzyme test AlCl administration caused a significant increase in 3 3 serum total protein (TP), serum level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results showed that AlCl caused hepatotoxicity while significant decrease occurred in Serum glutamic 3 pyruvic transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase level in annona muricata -treated rats (p...
This study evaluated the relationship between the radiogrammetric linear and angular parameters of the cervical vertebrae of healthy adult male and female Nigerian subjects. The research was a cross-sectional study involving radiogrammetric dimensions of the cervical vertebrae obtained from plain film lateral radiographs of the cervical spine of one hundred (100; 62 males, 38 females) apparently normal volunteer subjects. The measurements; cervical spine angle (CSA) and disc height (CDH) were obtained using the PACS software, which managed in MS office excel sheet 2016. The data was stratified by sex and transferred to STATGRAPHICS centurion CVI version 16.1.11 (StatPoint Tech., Inc.) for analysis. SPSS Spearman Rho was used to test the relationship between CSA and CDH. From the analysis, the correlations between CSA and CDH were not significant (P>0.05); however, CSA was positively correlated with CDH of C2-C3 (r=0.090), but negatively correlated with lower vertebrae disc; C3-C4 (r=- 0.150), C4-C5 (r=-0.166), C5-C6 (r=-0.147), and C6-C7 (r=-0.101). The extent of variation in model fitting explained by sex ranged from 3.10 to 4.20% for CDH, which were not significant (P>0.05). Notably was the high sex-associated variance in the relationship between CSA and CDH: C2-C3. In conclusion, though the correlations between CSA and CDH of C2 to C7 were not significant, nevertheless, it is important to note when the relationship is inverted, it suggests an abnormality of clinical importance. The existing relationship could be observed to be slightly influenced by sex, especially for C2-C3. It would be useful if the relationship between these parameters is studied for a spectrum of clinical conditions....
Global environmental toxicants including Mercury (Hg) has potential health hazards to both human and animals. The studies investigate role of mercury exposure (ME) and mercury post exposure recovery (MPER) on grip strength and memory of adult Wistar rats. Eighteen adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups (I, II and III) with six rats per group. Group I as control, administered normal saline. Groups II and III were treated with doses of Hg at 12.45mg/kg and 24.9mg/kg respectively for twelve consecutive days. Motor balance test using grip strength test and novel objects recognition test for short term memory were conducted during ME and MPER phase. Animals were further divided into subgroups Ia&Ib, IIa&IIb, and IIIa&IIIb of three rats per subgroup. Rats in subgroup 'b' were allowed for 12 days MPER period while animals in subgroup a' were anesthetized. Brain tissues obtained were fixed in a Bouin's fluid for routine histological tissue processing. Motor balance coordination test indicates significant (p...
The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its remarkable neuronal cell plasticity, functional role in memory processing and learning, and its involvement in some neurodegenerative diseases. Despite being one of the most studied areas in the brain, it is not easily accessible in experimental animals' such as mice and rats. Techniques available for dissection are capital intensive and may not be possible in low income countries. This study described a novel technique for the extraction of the hippocampus. Three apparently healthy adult Wistar rats were used for this study. They were euthanized under anaesthetic condition with ketamine (75 mg/kg). Afterwards they were perfused with formosaline, the skull opened, and the brain harvested. A midline incision was made and the halves of the brain were separated. The medial surface of the halved cerebral hemisphere was faced upward then the cerebrum was dissected and the hippocampus neatly and manually harvested, weighed, grossly observed and histologically processed. Morphologically, the hippocampus is banana-shaped in the Wistar rat, while histologically it revealed normal cytoarchitectural arrangement. Using the manual extraction method, the hippocampus was isolated without distortion, indicating that hippocampus sample can be prepared. Hence, this convenient and accurate dissection technique can be used for histologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological study of the hippocampus, especially in low income countries....
The COVID-19 virus has been spreading across the globe since late 2019. Originally it was slower to reach Nigeria and Rivers State in particular, but advance more rapidly in 2020, and severely affected patients with difficulty breathing. Most rontline healthcare workers lack Personal Protective Equipment (PPE's) and ventilators are in extremely short supply in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Lulu-Briggs Health Center. Our aim is to launch a wide-spread response and produce PPEs applying the 3D printing technology for the COVID-19 pandemic in University of Port Harcourt and Rivers State at large. Two Thousand (2000) face-shields were printed with University of Port Harcourt inscription on it and were distributed across the various health facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria and particularly, the University of Port Harcourt Community. One Hundred (50) N-95 Nose mask was also printed and distributed accordingly. Local production of PPE will protect health care workers and patients (University of Port Harcourt staff and students), improve delivery time and availability, reduce the spread of virus and save lives in our university community....
This study was carried out to determine the qualitative phytochemical screening of Bryophylum pinnatum(BP) using aqueous leaf extract. Fresh leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum were collected from the Botanical garden of the University of Port-Harcourt and were identified and authenticated in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out at the Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt. The result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of Saponins, Carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenoid, steroids and anthraquinone. Cardinolide and Cyanogenic glycosides were absent in the aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in the present study. When comparing the result of the present study and that of other studies carried out at different geographical locations, it was observed that, there were slight differences in the phytochemical Constituents that were present. This may be as a result of differences in the geographical location and physicochemical nature of the soil where the plants were collected from. Knowledge gained from this work will be useful to the anatomist and ethnomedicinal plant researchers....
Cisplatin (CP) is used in the management of tumours but has side effects mediated in part by oxidative damage which limits its use. The seed extract of Raffia hookeri (SERH) with known antioxidant property was investigated to determine its capability to ameliorate perturbations in rat brain exposed to CP. Forty-eight female rats (151 – 210 g) were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 12) viz: Group 1 (control, distilled water), Group 2 (100 mg/kg of SERH), Group 3 (CP, 7.5 mg/kg i.p, as single dose) and Group 4 (100 mg/kg of SERH + CP). The administration of SERH was orally via gavage for 14 days while CP was administered on the eighth day of experiment as a single dose. Forelimb grip strength and open field tests were carried out on day 15 of the experiment after which rats were euthanized followed by tissue processing for histology. Cisplatin reduced the total body weight, forelimb grip strength, transitions, rearings and groomings significantly (p...
Cyperus esculentus (Tiger nut milk) is rich in minerals and vitamins essential for body growth, development and improvement of immune functions. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Cyperus esculentus on cadmium induced toxicity in the liver of adult Wistar rats. Thirty (30) rats weighing between 180 – 200g were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) of five animals each. Group A representing the control was given standard rat chow and water ad libitum. However Group B was given cadmium chloride only; while groups C, D, and E were received cadmium chloride and aqueous extract of Cyperus esculentus at doses of 150, 300 and 600mg/kg body weight, respectively; Group F was administered cadmium chloride and standard drug, Atorvastatin (10mg/kg). Administration to all the animals in the experimental group was done using orogastric tube for 60 days. At the end of the treatment period, they were anaesthetized using chloroform and blood sample were collected via cardiac puncture for liver function test, while the liver tissue was harvested, and processed for histological analysis. Statistically, the results show no significant difference (P>0.05) with each enzyme and protein in all the groups when compared to control. Histological sections revealed vascular congestion, heavy periportal infiltrates of inflammatory cells in the liver treated with cadmium chloride. The observed histopathological changes are features of liver toxicity induced by cadmium chloride administration. However, administration of Cyperus esculentus extract was observed to ameliorate the toxicity in the liver and this compared well with the Atorvastatin....
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex, following administration of extract and Ischaemia induction. Fourty healthy male albino wistar rats were used for this study. The animals were grouped into four groups and ten(10) animals per group. The groups were: general control group, Ischemic control, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg Bryophyllum pinnatum group. Aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was administered intraperitoneally for 21 days before induction of stroke. The result of the study in day 1 post Ischaemia showed a normal cytoachitecture of brain tissue and neuronal cells(N) with normal nucleus in the cerebral Cortex for the general Control group. For the Ischaemic control group, it was observed, that, there was hypoperfussion induced marked congestion of blood vessels(HCBV), excessive degeneration of neuronal cells(DN), excessive vaculation(EV) ; pyknosis and necrosis of neurons. Pretreatment with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg Bryophillum pinnatum, showed a mild congestion of blood vessels(MC), Mild degeneration of neurons (MD) and mild vacuolation(MV) which was brought to near normal by the seventh day, post Ischaemia. There was a significant reversal of the conjestion of blood vessels , reversal of necrotic degeneration of neurons in the 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg Bryophillum pinnatum pretreated group, when compared to the Ischaemic control group. Previous phytochemical studies have shown that Bryophylum Pinnatum leaf extracts contains Tannins, Flavonoids and Phenols which enhances antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. The action of the chemical compounds; flavonoids, phenols, along with antioxidants, vitamins and enzymes may have contributed to the neuroprotective effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum after ischaemia. Knowledge gained from this work will be useful to the Neuroscientist, Anatomist and Ethnomedicinal researchers....
Aluminium phosphide is an inorganic phosphide used to control insects and rodents in a variety of settings. It is soluble in most organic solvents emit a colourless gas and is odourless when pure. Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that can attenuate the effects of peroxide and protect against lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. The effect of tocopherol on AluminiumPhosphide induced histological, stereological and neurobehavioral changes in adult Wistar rats were studied. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups with five rats each. Group 1 was the control group and was given normal saline. Group 2 received only the medium (Peanut oil). Group 3 was administered Aluminium phosphide (2.3 mg/kg) only. Group 4 received Aluminium phosphide (2.3 mg/kg) and 800 mg/kg of Tocopherol. Group 5 received Aluminium phosphide (2.3 mg/kg) and 1200 mg/kg of Tocopherol. The rats were administered Aluminium Phosphide and Tocopherol orally for the period of 7 days. Beam walking test was done to access the motor coordination function after which the rats were sacrificed and the tissues were collected for analysis and processed for histological and stereological studies. The result of motor coordination revealed significant differences in the time taken to walk across the beam before and after administration in the experimental animal group exposed to aluminium phosphide only.Histological study of the Cerebellar cortex demonstrated pathological changes in the animals administered Aluminium phosphide when compared to control animals. The stereology evaluation shows non- significant decrease in the cerebellar volume of experimental rats. Aluminium phosphide exert nerotoxicity in adult Wistar rats. Tocopherol administration has been demonstrated to have some level of protection on Aluminium phosphide induced structural and functional toxicity in the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats....
This study was conducted using the vertebral column, to determine the Lumbosacral angle (LSA) of non-obese male subjects and evaluate its relationship to selected subject specific variables. After obtaining institutional approval, lateral radiographs of one hundred and forty-two informed healthy male volunteers aged 18-60 were studied using Ferguson's method, and analyzed with respect to age, waist hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI). Mean (SE) Lumbosacral angle of the sample population was 34.060 ± 0.560, mean body weight was 70.34 ± 1.02Kg, and average BMI was 24. 64 ± 0.38Kgm-2. Angle values were observed to increase with age up to 32years, followed by a sinusoidal increase and decrease pattern thereafter. Significant correlations were observed between LSA and Body weight as well as between LSA and BMI (p...
Many scientific researchers have reported on onion extracts' potent antioxidant property linked to its rich flavonoid compound - quercetin. This study was designed to investigate how raw onion juice supplementation can boost the antioxidant status and improves broncho-alveolar epithelium in adult male Wistar rats. Fifteen healthy adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group A - Control; Group B was given 2.5ml/kg of raw onion juice supplementation while Group C received 5ml/kg of raw onion juice supplementation orally for 14days. Results obtained shows superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly in group B (673±1.50) vs Control (671±11.50) and C (587±3.50) at p...