The current issue of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences contains 17 peer-reviewed research articles that cut across different areas of Anatomical Sciences and 47 conference proceedings (oral presentations) of the 16th Annual Scientific Conference of the Anatomical Society of Nigeria held in Calabar in October, 2019. In spite of the lockdown we are currently witnessing as a nation due to Coronavirus pandemic, my team has been able to publish this volume against all odds. I commend their dedication. I am glad to inform you that online submission of articles and subscription to our journal can now be done seamlessly through our new website. Thus, I encourage our esteemed subscribers and authors to keep patronizing our journal as they are assured of our quality services. We are currently working on indexing of our journal with more reputable indexing bodies in a bid to increase our visibility. Lastly, on behalf of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences, I say thank you to all the Authors of this issue for your patronage and to our respected Reviewers for their selfless service to our journal. Please stay safe! <b>Prof. G.S. Oladipo</b> March, 2020. Editor-in-Chief. <b>OFFICERS OF THE ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF NIGERIA</b> President Prof. T.B. Ekanem Vice President Dr. A. Ayannuga Secretary General Dr. A. Danladi Assistance Secretary Dr. A.A. Sadeeq Treasurer Dr. E.A. Osunwoke Editor-in-Chief (JAS) Prof. G.S. Oladipo Editor (JAS) Dr. E.J. Olotu ...
Blacks have a delayed ability to excrete salt when compared with whites despite comparable levels of renal function. The basis is not fully understood. Salt retention is a major cause of hypertension. This study aimed to assess and compare renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations on acute saltloading in normotensive and hypertensive Nigerians. Forty-three (43) apparently healthy normotensive and thirtyseven (37) newly diagnosed age-matched hypertensive Nigerian volunteers ingested 11.6g of salt each per day for 5 days. Plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone and atria natriuretic peptide were determined before and after salt salting in the participants. The results showed basal plasma renin concentrations to be similar and salt loading did not raise its levels in the study population. Besides, basal angiotensin II hormone concentrations were not different but salt loading increased its levels significantly (p < 0.001) in normotensive and hypertensive participants. However, the mean change in the angiotensin levels after salt loading was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in hypertensive than normotensive volunteers. Basal aldosterone concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in normotensive participants but its levels were more suppressed in the normotensive (p < 0.001) than hypertensive (p < 0.01) participants. Basal atria natriuretic peptide concentrations were also similar but salt loading significantly elevated the hormone levels (p < 0.001) in normotensive participants only and its mean change after salt loading, was also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the normotensive participants. In conclusion, acute salt loading did not suppress plasma renin, angiotensin II; and ANP levels were not significantly raised in the hypertensive Nigerians. These findings suggest the basis for the racial difference in renal salt handling....
Epilepsy is the third most common neurologic disorder, following stroke and Alzheimer's disease. It affects an estimated 1% of the world's population and has no respect for age and gender. This study was designed to examine the histomorphology of neurons in the different sub-fields of the hippocampus, assess the neurobehavioral changes of memory and investigate the time-line dynamics of the above parameters at different phases of epileptogenesis following lithium-pilocarpine-induced TLE in Wistar rats. Sixty 12 weeks old Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups viz; Control group (15 rats) received 2ml/kg of normal saline intraperitoneally. Sham group (15 rats) was administered diazepam (10 mg/kg) and normal saline 2mL/kg intraperitoneally. Experimental group (30 rats) was administered lithium chloride (127 mg/kg) subcutaneously 24 hours before administration of pilocarpine (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. At 90 minutes after seizure onset, the rats received diazepam injection (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The rats were observed for 7-day transient seizure-free period (latent phase), followed by the 7- day spontaneous recurrent seizure period (chronic phase). 5 rats each (from the control and sham groups) and 10 rats from the experimental group were sacrificed at the end of the acute, latent and chronic phases of epileptogenesis. In the acute, latent and chronic phases, there is a significant increase in degenerating neuronal density in the experimental group when compared with control [(p...
This study was conducted to investigate the risk of hypertension in female adult staff of FUTA using Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) and Body Mass Index (BMI) as indicators. Three hundred female adults were included in this study. With the use of standard anthropometric procedures, their height, weight, waist and hip circumferences was measured to determine the BMI and WHR. Blood pressure was also measured and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) was determined. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 23.0 for Pearson correlation. The result showed significant correlation between BMI and SBP, BMI and DBP and BMI and MAP. WHR showed no significant correlation with all the variables compared with it. According to this study, age grouping was not relevant....
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most occurred neoplasm of the eye in children arising from immature retina cells in one or both eyes, presenting about 3% of all childhood malignancies , hence therapeutic approaches need to consider the cure of the disease and preserve vision with minimal longterm side effects. The research aimed at observing the pattern of retinoblastoma between the year 2009 to 2018 among children who attended Ophthalmology department at the Central Hospital, Warri, South Southern Nigeria. Records on retinoblastoma among children < 13years were reviewed from hospital records and fifty two cases were recorded as retinoblastoma. Parameters that were taken into consideration were age, gender and anatomical site of the disease. Chisquare test was used to investigate an association between age, gender and patterns of retinoblastoma. Significance was accepted at p...
Male infertility index due to heavy metal poison has increased over the year in Nigeria. Annona muricata and Aloe barbadensis miller are known for their rich medicinal value. The aim was to investigate the mitigating effect of annona muricata fruit-extract and aloe berbadensis miller gel with the objectives on histology and semen parameters of aluminum-induced testicular toxicity in wistar rats. Twenty-five male rats weighed (100-150g) with five (5) groups were used for the study. Group A: (control): received rats pellet and water. Group B: Given 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3. Group C: Given 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3 and 3ml/kg/d of annona muricata fruit-extract. Group D: Given 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3 and 3ml/kg/d of aloe barbadensis miller gel. Group E: Given 100mg/kg/d of AlCl3 with 3ml/kg/d of annona muricata fruit-extract and3ml/kg/d of aloe barbadensis miller gel. The rats were weighed and sacrificed twenty four hours after the last administration. The results showed that Aluminium treatment induced histological changes in testicular tissue including degeneration of germ cells, lowering of sperm count and increased morphological abnormalities. Animals treated with aluminium along with annona muricata fruit-extract as well as Aloe barbadensis miller showed recovery of normal testicular architecture and improved semen parameters. It is evident that Aluminum Chloride induced deleterious effect on the health of adult wistar rats as illustrated by the distortion of testis histology and semen parameters. Whereas, Sour-sop (Annomia muricata) fruits and aloe Vera gel significantly mitigated the toxic effect of aluminium metal on the reproductive health of male wistar rats....
Hydrocephalus is known to result in neuronal degeneration which have been attributed to cognitive and motor deficit associated with the disease. Delay in surgical intervention owing to poor infrastructure, inadequate manpower and a state of denial necessitated the search for neuroprotective plant materials. Kolaviron is a defatted ethanol extract from the seeds of Garcinia kola with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. This study is aimed at investigating the possible neuroprotective role of Kolaviron in Kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. Ninety Wistar rats aged three weeks old were randomly assigned into three groups (n=30) sacrificed at 1st, 2nd and 3rd week post-kaolin induction respectively. Each group was further divided into six sub-groups (n=5) (Control, Hydrocephalus only, Kolaviron 100 mg/kg, Kolaviron 200 mg/kg, Hydrocephalus+Kolaviron 100 mg/kg, Hydrocephalus+Kolaviron 200 mg/kg). Hydrocephalus was induced by intra-cisternal injection of 0.04 ml of kaolin suspension (200 mg/ml). Neurobehavioral assessment of anxiety and locomotion was done 2 hours before sacrifice. Brain coronal slices at optic chiasma level were fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin. Paraffin sections (5?m) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for neuronal density assessment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p< 0.05. Compared with their corresponding controls, brain weight and neuronal density were significantly reduced in hydrocephalic rats. Neuronal degeneration was observed in all hydrocephalic groups. Degree of neurodegeneration was reduced in those that received 200 mg/kg of Kolaviron when compared with the 100 mg/kg of Kolaviron group. The study concluded that Kolaviron is neuroprotective at 200 mg/kg but not at 100 mg/kg....
The usefulness of Prosopis africana in many parts of Africa is diverse and its therapeutic uses are well known. Theaims of the study is to determine the effect of varying doses of ethanolic stem-bark extract ofProsopis africana on the ovary of wistar rats, with the objective on histology and hormone profiles. Twenty-five adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 100 – 200, were used. Prosopis africana extracts were administered for a period of two (3) weeks, with five (5) rats per group. Group 1 (control), received rat pellets and distilled water. Group 2 received 3000mg/kg. Group 3 received 2000mg/kg of Prosopis africana extract. Group 4 received 1000mg/kg of Prosopis africana extract. Group 5 received 500mg/kg of Prosopis africana extract orally. Twenty-four hoursafter the last administration, the animals were weighed, sedated with diethyl-ether and blood was collected. The blood was collected then ovaries were located, removed and weighed using an electronic sensitive analytical balance.The results were statistically significant p>0.05 and at high dose greater than 1000mg/kg the ovarian histology exhibited degenerative changes in the ovarian cortex; hemorrhage in between primary follicles was observed when compared with control group. While the histology for the lower doses especially that of 1000mg/kg showed better qualities. Conclusively, Prosopis africana ethanolic stem-bark extract improves fertility at a most preferable dose of 1000mg/kg....
The obliquity of the ulnar shaft to the trochlea notch which fits the trochlea and the tilted inferior sharp ridge of the medial trochlea of the humerus are the cause of the carrying angle. This study was undertaken to determine the normal carrying angle of the elbow joint among Ukwuani children in the South-South Nigeria. It involves Ukwuani children in primary and secondary schoolsin Ukwuani Local Government Area, Delta State, South-South Nigeria. The sample had 427 males and 429 females subdivided into 6-11 years old, 12-14 years old and 15-17 years old, using the stratified random sampling technique.The carrying angle of the elbow joint was measured in degrees using the digital goniometer while body height was measured in centimetres using anthropometer. The SPSS 20 was used for the data analysis.The statistics used were the t-test, Pearson's correlation and the one-way analysis of variance. The statistical significance was fixed at p...
Persea americana is used in the treatment of several diseases, therefore this study is aimed at determining the effects of 30 day administration of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Persea americana plant on the kidney of Wistar rats. 30 adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six rats per group. Group A rats were fed with water and growers' mash only, while groups B, C, and D and E were administered with 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 750mg/kg and 1200mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Persea americana, respectively. Orogastric tube was used for daily administration of the extract to the rats. Rats were sacrificed on the 31st day. The kidneys were removed, weighed and processed for histopathological analysis. Blood samples are also collected for urea and creatinine estimation. The results from the study showed that there was no remarkable change in the histological and biochemical integrity of the kidney except at the dose of 1200mg/kg in group E where there was an abnormal elevation of urea level. It can be concluded that at doses of 100mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 750mg/kg, and 1200mg/kg of Persea americana stem extract, there was no damaging effects on the kidney structure and function histologically except biochemically at 1200mg/kg....
Diabetes mellitus is one of the unfavourable intrauterine environments in which foetus grow and this predisposes them to various abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Moringa oleifera extract on foetal growth parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. Thirty (30) female Wistar rats (150-250g) were used. They were grouped into: group A (control), group B (diabetic), group C (Insulin), group D-E (diabetic treated 120mg, 240mg 600mg/kg Moringa oleifera respectively). The female animals were induced with diabetes (45mg/kg), mated with males in a 2:1 ratio. The presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal smear the following morning confirmed mating. The animals were sacrificed on day 20. The whole foetus was removed from the uterine horn and the weight, crown rump length and abdominal circumference were measured. The result revealed significant changes in the weight, crown rump length and abdominal circumference of all the animals in the Moringa oleifera treated groups.which could be attributed to its phytochemical content. This study has established that Moringa oleifera leaf extract can reverse the effect of maternal diabetes on the growth and development of foetus which could be attributed to its nutritious content....
In this study we evaluated the changes in the pancreatic islet volume of diabetic rats following treatment with aqueous extract of Tectona grandis (teak) leaves. 25 apparently healthy young male Wistar rats divided into five (5) groups (normal control, diabetic control and three treatment groups) were used for the study. Diabetes was induced via high fat diet feeding for 10 weeks followed by streptozotocin injections (40mg/kg bwt). A normal control group was administered distilled water 1 ml/kg bwt. A diabetic group was administered normal saline 1ml/kg bwt, another group was treated with metformin 500mg/kg bwt. The last two groups were treated with high and low dose of the extract at 200mg/kg bwt and 100mg/kg bwt respectively. Treatment lasted for 35 days via oral route. Pancreatic tissue samples were collected after anesthesia/dissection and fixed in neutral buffered formal saline. Isotropic uniform random sections were obtained via the orientator method. Serial sections were cut with a rotatory microtome and stained with H & E. Pancreatic islet volumes were measured using the cavalieri estimator grid. The result showed increase in the volumes of pancreatic islets of the treated groups which was statistically significant when compared to the normal control. However, when compared to the diabetic and metformin control groups, the increases in the pancreatic islet volumes was seen not to be statististically significant....
Amplification of human mitochondrial DNA have been widely used in population genetics in human evolutionary and molecular anthropology studies. Mitochondrial DNA HVSI was shown to be a suitable tool in genetic analysis due to the unique properties of the mitochondrial DNA, such as the lack of recombination, maternal mode of inheritance, rapid evolutionary rate and high population specific polymorphisms. In this work, the effect of long term storage of buccal swab cells at freezing point was assessed and the DNA yield quantity was determined. The aim and objectives of this study was to determine the integrity of the DNA of the HVI segment obtained from buccal swab stored at long term at freezing point and to gel electrophorose in order to determine the yield and purity of the HVSI of mitochondrial DNA. Materials used were Accruprep genomic extraction kit, sterile buccal swab, micro pipette, micro pipette tips, racks, vortex, centrifuge, binding column, Eppendorf tubes, primers, gel box, PCR machine, TBE buffer, incubator, photo spectrometer.Samples (Buccal swabs) were collected from 15 individuals and separated into 3 groups, group A was processed immediately after collection, group B and C were stored at freezing point for 15 and 30 days respectively and then processed.Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells according to the protocol of the manufacturer (Accrupep genomic extraction kit). The effect of long term storage of buccal cell swab on the suitability of the samples for PCR amplification efficiently amplifiedat 360bp fragments of HV I segment All examined PCR products, were successfully purified regardless of the sample storage time and condition.The purity of genomic DNA was estimated by OD260/OD280 ratio. The results suggest that DNA samples stored at freezing point for a long period of time shows no significant difference in the amount, purity and yield of Mitochondrial DNA....
The use of plant materials as natural source in the discovery and development of active compounds in drug formulation is receiving increased attention particularly in Africa because of ease of availability and access, and interest in natural drug products. Moringa oleifera is one of such popular medicinal plants with a wide range of therapeutic properties. However, identifying the most appropriate phytochemical bioactive components extraction solvents that will provide maximum yield from the plant materials poses a challenge. This study investigated the affinity of a choice of seven solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves extract. The leaves were plucked, washed, air dried and grounded. The grounded Moringa oleifera leaves were soaked into the different extraction solvents including Aqueous, Ethanol, Methanol, n-Hexane, Acetone, hydroethanol and hydromethanol. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis were carried out on the solvents using standard methods of analyses. Moringa Oleifera leaves extract was found to contain alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenol, flavonoids, glycoside, steroids, anthraquinone, anthrocyanin. In both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the Moringa oleifera leaves extract, ethanol was found to be the best solvent of choice as it had the highest extraction affinity and the highest percentage of yields for both lipophilic and hydrophilic phytochemical components of the Moringa oleifera plant leaf extract when compared with the other solvents...
The mtDNA variation of 40 individuals (Asholio and Atakar) from Southern Kaduna, in Northern Nigeria, were examined by high-resolution RFLP analysis. The resulting data were combined with published RFLP haplotype from sub-Saharan African populations and then were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to deduce the evolutionary relationships among them. All of the Asholio and Atakar mtDNA samples were found to belong to the major mtDNA lineage, macrohaplogroup L (defined by aHpaI site at nucleotide position 3592), which is prevalent in sub-Saharan African populations. Additional sets of RFLPs subdivided macrohaplogroup L into two extended haplogroups—L1 and L2—both of which appeared in the Asholio and Atakar. Besides revealing the significant substructure of macrohaplogroup L in African populations, these data showed that the Asholio have one of the most ancient RFLP sublineages observed in African mtDNA and, thus, that they could represent one of the oldest human populations. In addition, the Asholio exhibited a set of related haplotypes that were positioned closest to the root of the human mtDNA phylogeny, suggesting that they, too, represent one of the most ancient African populations. Finally, the overall sequence divergence of 214 African RFLP haplotypes defined in both this and other studies was 0.364%, giving an estimated age, for all African mtDNAs, of 125,500–165,500 years before the present, a date that is concordant with all previous estimates derived from mtDNA and other genetic data, for the time of origin of modern humans in Africa....
Anatomical awareness of different femoral dimensions is important in anthropological and medicolegal practice for sex/racial determination and as well as to radiologist, rheumatologist and orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment. Morphology and statistical analysis of femoral anthropometry has shown significant amount of variation and as such having reference data peculiar to a given population is key. Platymetry is the level of flattening of the superior diaphysis of a long bone while robusticity is the relative slenderness of a bone. The study sought to determine the platymeric and robusticity index of the right and left femur in Nigerian population The study involved 148 femur bones (78 right and 70 left) obtained from Anatomy departments of various Universities in Nigeria. Digital sliding caliper and measuring tape were used to take measurements. The following measurements were conducted Platymetric index, Robusticity index. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. T-test was used to compare mean values and a probability level of p0.05) This study provides reference data of the playtimeric index and robusticity index of the femur for the Nigerian population which could be useful in forensics, prosthetics and in orthopaedical surgical procedures....
Ipomoea batatasaqueous leaves extract is found to have medicinal flavonoids. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Ipomoea batatasaqueous leaves extract on Ammonium chloride induced kidney damage on adult Wistar rats. Thirty (30) rats were used for this study. The animals were grouped into six (6) groups with five (5) rats each. Group A served as control group, rats in Group B was treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of Ammonium chloride, rats in Group C was treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of Ipomoea batatasaqueous leaves extract, rats in Group D was treated with 1200 mg/kg body weight of Ipomoea batatasaqueous leaves extract, rats in Group E was treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of Ammonium chloride and 400 mg/kg body weight of Ipomoea batatasaqueous leaves extract, rats in Group F was treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of Ammonium chloride and 1200 mg/kg body weight of Ipomoea batatasaqueous leaves extract. The rats in all groups were sacrificed after 30 days.Five (5) ml blood samples were collect via direct cardiac puncture and stored in lithium heparin bottles for kidney function test and antioxidant assay analysis. The results showed significant increase (P0.05) in MDA levels of groups B and F unlike group C, D and E when compared to control.There was no significant difference statistically in groups C, D, E and F SOD and CAT levels when compared with the control group. The levels of SODand CAT significantly decreased (P ? 0.05) in group B rats when compared to control group (A). Histological studies showed normal architectural structure of kidney tissues in all groups except the group treated with 100 mg/kg body weight of Ammonium chloride. It can be concluded thatIpomoea batataswas seen to havenephroprotective and antioxdative potentials....
This study aimed at determining the anthropometric measurements of the It was carried out by measuring the digit length of 350 volunteers consisting of 175 males and 175 female hand-sports participants (i.e. Basketball, Volleyball, Table tennis, Lawn tennis and Badminton) non-hand sport participants(i.e. Football, Athletics, Aerobics and Martial arts) and non-sport participants within the ages of 18 to 65 years. Standard measurement processes were observed to obtain accurate digit length using the Digital Vernier Caliper. The data obtained was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Version 23, Armonk, USA).The results showed that digit ratio is an effective tool for distinguishing male sport participants from non-participants but it is not as effective for the female participants. It also showed that notable differences exist between the individuals that participate in hand-related sports and those who participate in other sports generally. The findings of this study suggest that second and fourth digit lengths and ratios can be adapted as sufficient markers for ascertaining an individual's sporting tendencies for various sport types....