Volume 12, Number 2, Year 2021

The current issue of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences (Volume 12 Number 2) has 16 peer-reviewed research articles that cut across different areas of Basic Medical Sciences, most of which are from the various subdisciplines of Anatomy. The publication of the current issue coincides with the 17th Annual General Meeting of our Society, Anatomical Society of Nigeria holding at the University of Ilorin from 7th to 11th September, 2021 as well as election into various positions of responsibility. It also marks the end of my tenure as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal having served 7 years in that capacity. I will greatly miss all our esteemed authors whose articles have contributed in no small measure to our success story. In the same vein, I will miss our respected reviewers whose invaluable contributions are the major reasons this Journal has remained reputable. The Journal will continue to wax strong as I am convinced the Executive arm of our Society will appoint a new Editor-in-Chief who will continue to improve on the quality of our Journal and ensure that publications are regular. On behalf of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Anatomical Sciences, I say thank you to all the Authors who contributed their valuable research articles to the current issue. I also say a special thank you to our colleagues whose selfless services in reviewing our articles at short notices have made the publication of the current issue and the past issues possible. Lastly, I encourage our esteemed subscribers and authors to keep patronizing our journal as they are assured of quality services. Please stay safe! <b>Prof. G.S. Oladipo</b> Editor-in-Chief. September, 2021. <b>OFFICERS OF THE ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF NIGERIA</b> Acting President Assoc. Prof. A. Ayannuga Secretary General Assoc. Prof. A. Danladi Assistance Secretary Dr. A.A. Sadeeq Treasurer Dr. E.A. Osunwoke Editor-in-Chief (JAS) Prof. G.S. Oladipo Editor (JAS) Dr. E.J. Olotu ...

Cheiloscopy is an investigational technique under forensic science that deals with study of uniqueness of lip prints among individuals. The aim of this work is to study the lip print patterns of Ijesa people in Osun state, Nigeria. The study group comprises of 205 males and 205 females within the age group of 18-65 years. The subjects were asked to clean their lips with the baby wipe and little quantity of lip gloss applied evenly on the sulci laborium of the upper and lower lips. The subjects were then made to stand/sit in a relaxed position and asked to keep the lip muscles relaxed and the jaw kept closed while the prints were being taken. A clear new microscopic glass slide was placed on the relaxed lips of the subject in a single motion tilting it slightly to the right and left. The lips were divided into six compartments and classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchuchashi's classification. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software package. Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detective (CHAID) was used to analyze and compare the lip print pattern and the analyses were presented in tables and variables in categorical forms, thus it was presented as frequency, p-value was set at ? 0.05 to be significant. The result of this study with respect to sex shows that type I was dominant in male while type III was dominant in female. The predominant lip print pattern among Ijesa ethnic group was type III. In conclusion, there is a sexual dimorphism in the lip print pattern in Ijesha ethnic group and this can be used in personality identification in forensic anthropology....

Squatting is a resting postural complex that involves hyper-flexion at the hip and knee joints, and hyper-dorsiflexion at the ankle and subtalar joints. There are anatomical variations in talar trochlear extensions across gender, populations and races and the evaluation of these structural variations is very significant to anatomists and physical anthropologists. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of talar modifications in a Nigerian population. This study involved a sample size of 119dry tali of late adult Nigerians in the North-Eastern region in the year 2000. The tali were gotten from adult skeletal collections in the gross laboratories and museums of the medical colleges located in the study region. Parameters measured were lateral, medial and continuous trochlear extensions as well as the various squatting facets respectively, using vernier caliper calibrated in centimeters. The outcome showed that lateral squatting facets occurred most frequently (46.2%) and medial facets (15.9%) but the combined facets (0.8%) were also observed. Lateral (29.4%), medial (17.6%). Combined (lateral and medial) (6.9%) and continuous lateral/central/medial extensions (10.0%) of the trochlear surface were all present in the late Nigerian population. The result obtained from the present study was also compared with those obtained from previous study in different populations around the world. Therefore, it is unlikely that precisely the same factor determine the expression of squatting facets and trochlear extensions....

Study of breast cancer biology has been limited due to scarcity of available human samples, cost and preservation of cell lines thus, necessitating the use of chemically-induced rodent models. This study defines a protocol demonstrating that serial transplants obtained from 7,12-DMBA-induced mammary tumours had ability to generate and propagate mammary tumour cells with shorter latency. It also compared the changes in morphology and gene expression in the primary tumour cells and serial transplants. Virgin 50-day old female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 10 mg/kg DMBA sub-dermally. Primary tumours were harvested, half processed for histology while the remainder was processed as a cell suspension and transplanted into clean rats. Five percent (5%) of rats developed multiple mammary carcinoma after DMBA injection with a latency of 112 days. However, 35% and 56% developed mammary tumours in the first and second transplants with mean latency of 18 and 9 days respectively. This protocol induced significant palpable tumour response as well as reduced expression of ER and PR in the serial transplants as compared to the primary tumours while HER2 was undetectable in all tumours. Morphologically, tumours were carcinomas having different levels of differentiation: primary tumours showed moderate differentiation, first transplant showed poor differentiation and second transplant showed well-differentiated carcinomas. It can be concluded that serial transplants can continuously generate and propagate mammary tumour cells in shorter time periods while losing their ER and PR dependence. This could provide a useful tool for testing of therapeutic drugs for breast cancer particularly in developing economies....

Skinfold measurements have long been considered as a valid anthropometric indicator of subcutaneous fat. Nonetheless, percentile ranges for population-based skinfold thicknesses for Nigerian children and adolescents are not available. The present study developed new age- and sex-specific percentile reference curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses in a representative sample of healthy Nigerian children and adolescents. The sample comprised 3,413 boys and 3,496 girls aged 3 – 19 years, randomly selected from rural and urban communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The LMS method was used to fit percentile curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses and the LMS parameters were generated for calculating standardized Z-scores. Subjects were classified as being underweight or having normal weight based on their BMI values using the WHO 2007 reference. The new reference percentile ranges for biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold established age- and sex-specific of subcutaneous fat distribution. Comparison of centile curves of the underweight and normal weight children indicate higher subcutaneous adiposity in subjects with normal weight than the underweight. The present study has for the first time presented age- and sex-specific skinfold percentiles and parameters for calculating standardized Z-scores of Nigerian children and adolescents. The tabulated percentiles and Z-scores can be useful indicator of subcutaneous fat and local reference for anthropological studies....

Fats consist of a wide group of compounds, which soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. This study is designed to evaluate the impact of high fat diet on the liver of the adult wistar rats. A total number of fifteen wistar rats with an average weight of 130-150g were purchased from the Animal House Handling Unit of Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti, and divided into 3 groups. Group A was fed with Normal pellet, Group B with High fat Diet only, Group C with high fat diet + Ecoslim (orlistat) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment animals were sacrificed and liver of each animal was obtained and set in a buffered 10% formalin solution for histological studies. One-way ANOVA revealed that, there was significant difference in weight change and body mass index (BMI) across all experimental groups (F = 7.450; p = 0.0079). Post hoc analysis showed that weight of high fat fed group was significantly lower than the vehicle treated group. The weight reduction induced by high fat fed was significantly and reversed by orlistart administration (p...

This study assessed the effects of methanol fruit extract of Pheonix dactilyfera and lead acetate on histology of the testes. This work was essential in providing information on interactions between the date palm extract and lead acetate in rat testes. Twenty five male Wistar rats were grouped into five (1–5; n=5). Group 1 (control) received distilled water (2 ml/kg). Group 2 received lead acetate (30 mg/kg). Groups 3, 4 and 5 received methanol fruit extract of Pheonix dactilyfera (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg respectively) followed by lead acetate (30 mg/kg) concurrently for 42 days via oral route. Histological examinations of tissues were done using Haematoxylin and Eosin, and Periodic Acid Schiff stains. The tubular diameter and germinal epithelium height were measured using the Image J software (v2). Findings revealed degenerative changes like pyknosis, karyorrhexis in all groups except Group 1 in varying degrees. Group 4 rats displayed little changes and had tubular diameters and epithelium heights similar to that of the Control. Results suggest protective potentials of methanol fruit extract of Pheonix dactilyfera at dose 150 mg/kg when compared to other treatment groups....

The aim of this study is to investigate the neurobehavioural changes on the effects of calcium carbide on the hippocampus of adult wistar rats. Calcium carbide (CaC2) is a chemical compound used for a variety of industrial purposes especially in the production of acetylene gas. Itcontains impurities such as calcium phosphate and arsenate which when comes in contact with moisture produces phosphine and arsine both of which are toxic. Sixsty Wistar rats were grouped into 4 groups of 15 animals each. Group 1 were fed with standard rat chow and water. Group 2 were fed with standard rat chow, water and 2ml of naturally ripened banana juice. Group 3 was given 2ml of calcium carbide ripened banana juice orally and fed with standard rat chow and water. Group 4 were given 2ml of the calcium carbide treated banana and 200mg/kg body weight of vit C and fed with standard rat chow on daily basis. The rats in each group were subjected to the passive avoidance test, barnes maze test and Y-maze test which all are tools to test for memory and learning deficit in rodents. Statistical analysis was done using one-way Analysis of Variance. Results were compared using Post-Hoc test and considered significant at p...

The current study looked at the relationship between body weight and academic performance among students at Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano's Basic Medical Science program. A stratified sampling technique was used to select subjects for a correlational survey study. A total of 162 male and female subjects who met the inclusion criteria were chosen. On approval by the University's ethical committee, each student's cumulative grade point average (CGPA) was collected. A standiometer was used to assess their weights (kg) and heights (m). SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data, with a ?0.05 considered significant. The subjects' mean ages (Years), weights (Kg), heights (m), BMI, and CGPA were found to be 22.55 ± 3.52, 54.14 ± 7.72, 1.65 ± 0.09, 20.04 ± 1.14, and the minimum and maximum of CGPA were 1.18 and 4.89, respectively. A significant relationship between sexual dimorphism and weight and height was observed, with males having a higher mean value in both weight and height (P – value = 0.00). There was no significant difference in CGPA or BMI between males and females (P–value = 0.983 and 0.905, respectively). Correlation of CGPA with weight, height, and BMI between males and females shows no significant differences. This study demonstrates that weight and gender differences are not related to academic performance among the subjects under study, contrary to other hypotheses....

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that accumulates predominantly in soft tissues and as such is currently one of the most important occupational and environmental pollutants. The study evaluated the potential protective effects of watermelon seed oil on cadmium-induced toxicity in the cerebrum of male Wistar rats. Group 1 recieved 2 ml/kg of distilled water. Group 2 received 5 mg /kg bwt of cadmium chloride only. Group 3 received 5 mg /kg bwt of cadmium chloride + 500 mg / kg btw of CLSO as high dose. Group 4 received 5 mg /kg bwt of cadmium chloride + 250 mg / kg btw of CLSO as low dose. Group 5 received 5 mg /kg bwt of cadmium chloride + 10 mg / kg bwt of succimer. The administration was done through oral intubation and lasted 28 days. The experimental animals were observed daily and weighed weekly for physical changes. Neuro- behavioral study on anxiety related behaviors was accessed weekly using elevated plus maze test. On the 29 th day of the experiment, the final body weights were taken and euthanized using 75 mg /kg ketamine IP. The brain tissues were homogenized using 5 times (w/v) homogenizing buffer (pH 7.4). The homogenate was centrifuged at 4000 rpm to get the supernatant for biochemical analysis. While organ/ body weight revealed no significant changes, behavioral study show that Citrulus lanatus seed oil significantly (p...

Anatomy is an essential subject in medical and health science programmes. However, it is perhaps the most challenging to students compared to other basic medical science subjects. Although learning anatomy with dissection of cadavers has been the default choice, a range of interactive multimedia devices and virtual visualization software has been available since 2002, for instance, “The Living Human Project”. Emerging technologies have made studying anatomy via three-dimensional visual models increasingly prevalent. The virtual anatomy dissection tables are recent entries and have added to the options available for medical and health science programmes when considering learning tools for their students. A human-size 3D interactive table, the Anatomage table 7 (AT-7), is perhaps the most advanced digital visualization system for anatomy education currently available. AT-7 is a virtual library of human and animal cadavers, which provides a clinical diagnostic tool by visualization of computerized tomography, cone-beam computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan. This present article describes our experience as faculties with the Anatomage table in the process of teaching anatomy. Students and faculty members exposed to AT-7 for six months completed a survey on the effectiveness of the AT-7 in learning anatomy. Response was collated and analysed, results showed that though AT-7 enhanced learning and knowledge of anatomy, it would not be able to stand alone in our local setting, though promising in upcoming medical educational training, is essentially an atlas of anatomy, compared with cadaver....

Anthropologically,Down syndrome was first described in the medical literature by John Langdon Down in 1866. During this era individuals with cognitive impairment (i.e. mental retardation) were often referred to as ?idiots? and ?imbeciles? and rarely differentiated into subcategories based upon differential diagnoses. Using a hierarchical racial classification system that was popular during his age, John Langdon Down noted the resemblance of facial features among individuals with Down syndrome and individuals of Mongolian descent (Down 1866; Volpe 1986).The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of Down's syndrome in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH) from January 2006 to December 2007. The prevalence of Down's syndrome of 1 in 832 (1.20 in 1,000) livebirths in the present study is similar to the prevalence reported from other parts of the world [Adeyokunnu in Ibadan 1.16 per 1000, Delport et al.in Pretoria 1.33 per 1000, Kromberg et al. in Johannesburg 1.2 per 1000, Canfield et al. in the US 1.37 per 1,000], Compared with the findings of (Tooth and Jellife), Carter in Egypt, Simpkiss and Lowe in Uganda and Gupta in Nigeria; that suggested rarity or non-existence of Down's syndrome among Africans many years ago, our results show the prevalence that is about five times higher....

Sex and stature estimation are important criteria in identifying unknown human skeletal remains. The aim of the study is to generate predictive model for the estimation of sex and stature from odontometry parameters of Eleme ethnic group of Rivers State of Nigeria. This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 100 volunteers between the ages of 15 to 30 years (50 males and 50 females). The measured parameters were crown height (HT), maximum mesiodistal width (MD) and buccolingual dimension (BL) of the right maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines and premolars and height of the volunteers. The teeth were measured using a pair of sterile divider and electronic digital vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm and height was measured using stadiometer. SPSS software version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Discriminant function analysis was used to design a predictive model for sex and Multivariate Regression Analysis was used to design a predictive model for stature. The results showed that the mean values of all teeth variables were larger in males than in females except crown height of maxillary premolar 2 (CH5), crown height of mandibular incisor 1 (CH6), buccolingual and mesiodistal of mandibular incisor 2 (BL7, MD7) and crown height of mandibular premolar 2 (CH10). Discriminant Function Analysis showed that scores that predict male is 0.895 while -0.895 for female. Stepwise Discriminant Function Analysis showed maxillary canine to be the best predictor of sex followed by mandibular canine. Predictive model for sex identification was derived. Multivariate regression analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation of height with all measured parameters and was used to derived equation for stature estimation. This study showed that the combination of the teeth could be used for sex and stature estimation....

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. The aim of the research is to have a Knowledge of the number of people that lived with Diabetes Mellitus while attending Maitama District hospital from June 2007 and June 2010. This research work was an observatory using retrospective design in which all patients charts who sought services at the Maitama District Hospital in Abuja Nigeria between June 2007 to June 2010 were seen. A week was dedicated to view the hospital files of patients diagnosed of Diabetes Mellitus in the hospital after signing a confidentiality agreement with the hospital Management. The anthropological Prevalence rate of type 2 DM visiting the Maitama District Hospital Abuja from 1st june ,2007 to June 2010 was found to be approximately1.6% as shown in table below.When analysed along gender line,the prevalence was found to be 1.2% for females and 2.6% for Males.Anthropologically,one impediment to our understanding of type 2 DM had been the limited scope of our studies.With causes rooting from man's prehistory and evolution to endocrine function and subcellular interactions to behavioral psychology.Type2 DM does not easily yield to the fine,precise dissecting lens of modern medical science.The more encompassing biocultural view of medical anthropology provides additional perspective that is looking at the environmental,Cultural and biological dimensions gives us a clearer understanding of this disease which ultimately helps us solve the problem of this disease....

Citrus limon products (pulp and peels) have been reported to contain a variety of bio-active ingredients which are believed to have health promoting benefits. This work was carried out with the aim to unmask possible histomorphological evidences that aqueous extracts of Citrus limon peels can mitigate testicular toxicity caused by alcohol. Thirty-Five(35) matured male rats weighing between 180g-200g were divided into seven (7) groups containing five (5) rats each and were treated daily with oral doses of: 4mg/kg of Distilled water (group I), 2100mg/kg of 30% alcohol only (group II), 2100mg/kg of 30% alcohol + 200mg/kg aqueous Citrus limon peels extract (group III), 2100mg/kg of 30% alcohol + 400mg/kg aqueous Citrus limon peels extract (group IV) for 30 days; a second set of rats were given 2100g/kg of 30% alcohol only (group V), 2100mg/kg of 30% alcohol + 200mg/kg aqueous Citrus limon peels extract (group VI), 2100g/kg of 30% alcohol + 400mg/kg aqueous Citrus limon peels extract (group VII) for 60 days. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last treatment. The left testicles were removed, the weights were taken and testicular volumes measured before preservation and processing for H&E staining. The histological examination of the sections revealed only a slight incidence of cellular distortion. Moderate desquamation within the seminiferous tubules and normal appearance of interstitial cells within the inter tubular connective tissue of the groups treated with aqueous Citrus limon peels extract alongside alcohol. The results were however different in the groups treated with alcohol alone, which showed high levels of cellular distortion , marked tubular desquamation and loss of interstitial cells. The measurement of testicular weights and volumes across the groups however did not show any statistically significant differences (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Citrus limon peels can mitigate testicular injury caused by alcohol in the testes of Wistar rats as portrayed by histological evidence....

The human head shape is classified by means of the cephalic index. Cephalic index is used to measure the size of the head which is done by determining the ratio of the maximum head breadth to the maximum head length. The present study evaluates the anthropometric comparison of the cephalic indices of Igbo and Ibibio students of Madonna University Elele campus, Rivers State. 400 subjects were involved in this study and measurements were taken with subject sitting on a chair, in a relaxed mood and the head in the anatomical position. Cephalic index was calculated as bi-parietal diameter/length of head x 100. The data was subjected to statistical analysis using Student t-test, Anova (Analysis of Variance) and Bar charts. From this study, the result obtained showed that the Ibibio males had a mean cephalic index (CI) of 88.08, Ibibio females 86.35, Igbo males 84.27 and Igbo females 86.10. It is worthy to note that there is sexual dimorphism where Cephalic index is higher in males than females for the Ibibio and Igbo tribes (p 80 which puts them in the brachycephalic or short headed population. The result of this study showed that Cephalic Index can serve as one of the most reliable body parameter for the determination of sexual dimorphism and Ethnic differences....

Historical records revealed that leaves of mistletoe plant as well as that of pear tree are used to treat varieties of disorders including diabetes. These leaves are being considered beneficial as dietary supplements because of their anti-diabetic potential. This study seeks to compare the efficacy of aqueous extracts of mistletoe and pear leaf to justify their use and to rationalize the choice of one over the other. The comparative hypoglycemic effects of mistletoe and pear leaf extracts were studied in albino rats fed with the extracts for 15 days after induction of diabetes. Glucose concentration, body weight and skin fold thickness were compared between the two groups and with the absolute and diabetic control groups. Aqueous extracts of both mistletoe and pear leaves significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and reversed significantly the weight loss and loss of subcutaneous fat associated with diabetes in the rats used. However, there was no significant comparative effect between the two leaf extracts on the parameters studied. Both the aqueous extracts of V. album and P. Americana possess antihyperglycemic activity but the aqueous extract of V. album is more potent as a hypoglycemic agent. The hypoglycemic potential of these herbal leaves could be utilized in the desire to reduce the financial burden imposed by diabetes globally....