Human Genetic Diversity and Ethnicity: Complexity, Context and Consequences – A Review

The relationship between human genetic diversity and ethnicity is a complex and multifaceted subject that offers insights into human history, migration patterns, and biological variation. Genetic diversity is significantly greater within ethnic groups than between them, with approximately 85-90% of variation occurring within populations. This challenges simplistic notions of racial or ethnic genetic determinism. Historical processes, such as the "out of Africa" model of human migration, have influenced genetic diversity, with some ethnic groups experiencing limited gene flow and increased endogamy. Cultural practices, such as geographical or cultural isolation, have also influenced genetic diversity. Recent demographic changes, such as rapid population growth or decline, have also impacted genetic diversity patterns. Understanding this relationship has practical implications, particularly in medicine, forensic science, anthropology, and conservation biology. However, challenges remain, such as the definition of ethnicity, ethical considerations, and the changing landscape of human genetic diversity.

Key Words: genetic diversity, ethnicity, human migration, adaptive evolution, pharmacogenomics.